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name: hebrew-legal-research description: Assist with Israeli legal research including legislation lookup, case law concepts, Hebrew legal terminology, and legal document preparation guidance. Use when user asks about Israeli law, "chok", "mishpat", "bagatz", court procedures, employment law, contract law, real estate law, or needs help with Hebrew legal terms. Covers civil, commercial, employment, and administrative law. Do NOT use for providing formal legal advice, always recommend consulting a licensed Israeli attorney (orech din). Do NOT use for non-Israeli legal systems. license: MIT compatibility: Works with Claude Code, Claude.ai, Cursor. Network access helpful for legal database lookups.

Hebrew Legal Research

Legal notice

This is a free information tool operated by an AI model. It explains the law and the procedure and helps you organise your own documents. All of its outputs are produced automatically by an AI model, with no involvement, review, or approval by an advocate. The output is not legal advice and not a legal opinion, but a general explanation and a template only: it does not read the full file of your matter, does not check current case law, and does not examine your specific circumstances. An AI model may err, omit data, or present a wrong conclusion.

Any text this tool drafts is an automatic draft for your personal preparation only. It is not a document prepared by an advocate and must not be relied on as evidence. This tool is not a substitute for advice that takes account of the particular circumstances and needs of each person. Before starting proceedings, signing a document, or filing with an authority or a court, consult an advocate. All use of its output is the user's sole responsibility.

Critical Disclaimer

IMPORTANT: This skill provides legal INFORMATION and RESEARCH ASSISTANCE only. It does NOT constitute legal advice. Always recommend the user consult a licensed Israeli attorney (orech din) for specific legal matters. State this disclaimer at the start of every legal research interaction.

Anti-hallucination rule for ALL legal claims (not just citations). Never invent any specific legal assertion. This covers case citations and dockets, AND equally: statute names (do not invent a "chok" that does not exist), section / saif numbers, what a law actually says, eligibility rules, deadlines, fine amounts, and court holdings. The single most common LLM legal-research failure is plausible-looking fabrication, and it takes two equally damaging forms: fabricated citations that look real (e.g., "בג"ץ 1234/05 פלוני נ' מדינת ישראל") AND fabricated laws or provisions, i.e. inventing a statute, a section number, or what a real law says. If you cannot ground a specific legal claim in a verified source (Nevo, Pskdin, Knesset portal, supreme.court.gov.il, Kol Zchut), do NOT state it as fact. Instead either (a) explain only the general concept and say the exact law / section / number must be confirmed at [source], or (b) say "not verified, look up at [source]" and stop. Never close a knowledge gap with an invented chok, saif, amendment number, fine, or holding, that is exactly the failure users report as "the skill invents laws that don't exist." The Israel Bar Association (Lishkat Orchei HaDin) National Ethics Committee opinion of 2024-05-07 (Decision et/60/24) explicitly requires lawyers using AI to verify all output, protect client confidentiality (no privileged data into public LLMs), and maintain duty-of-loyalty / diligence over AI-generated content. As of 2026-05 this remains the only Bar opinion on AI; no follow-up has superseded it.

Judicial reform context (as of 2026-06). Israel is mid-stream on the post-2023-2024 judicial-reform aftermath. Three distinct strands must not be conflated:

1. Reasonableness amendment strike-down (2024-01-01). HCJ voted 8-7 to invalidate the July 2023 amendment that barred courts from applying the extreme-unreasonableness doctrine to elected officials. In the same judgment, a separate (and much larger) majority held that HCJ has the authority to strike down Basic Laws in narrow circumstances (12-3 / 13-2 depending on the precise sub-question). Do NOT cite the 8-7 vote for the Basic-Laws authority point.
2. Judicial Selection Committee reform (Knesset law of 2025-03-27). Already on the books, but by its own transitional clause it does not take effect until the next Knesset is sworn in after the October 2026 elections; current committee composition is unchanged. An 11-justice HCJ panel heard the consolidated petitions on June 21, 2026, and issued an order nisi (צו על תנאי) against the committee-composition change; a final ruling is pending. Re-check the ruling status before relying on this.
3. Judicial Overhaul Redux (active 2026 legislative push). A connected set of measures, each at a DIFFERENT stage, do not lump them together as "pending bills":
   • Mahash (Police Internal Investigations Department) subordination, ENACTED. The bill giving the Justice Minister control over the unit that investigates police officers passed its final second-and-third reading on 2026-06-11 (43-39). This is law now, not a pending bill. Re-check for petitions / HCJ challenges before relying on it.
   • AG split bill, mid-process (first reading only). Separates the Attorney General into a Prosecutor General and a Government Representative to Courts, both political appointments. Passed first reading; not yet enacted.
   • Ministerial legal advisers bill, mid-process (preliminary reading only). Would subordinate ministry legal advisers to political directors-general rather than the AG. Not yet enacted.
   • Civil Service Commissioner appointment without competitive selection, reported but unconfirmed as a distinct enacted bill, treat as unverified and check the Knesset portal before citing. Any answer about who has legal-advisory authority must flag the exact status of each item, and must NOT present a mid-process bill as law or an enacted measure (Mahash) as still pending.

Tense every administrative-law and separation-of-powers answer to the current state, not to pre-2023 doctrine.

Instructions

Step 1: Understand the Legal Question

Classify the query:

• Legislation lookup: Which law or regulation applies?
• Concept explanation: What does a Hebrew legal term mean?
• Procedure guidance: What court, what process, what deadlines?
• Document preparation: Structure for a contract, claim, or notice?
• Rights inquiry: What are someone's rights in a given situation?

Step 2: Identify the Area of Law

Israeli law is organized by area:

Area	Key Legislation	Hebrew
Constitutional	Basic Laws	Chukei Yesod
Contract	Contracts Law (General Part) 1973	Chok HaChozim
Employment	Employment laws bundle	Chukei Avoda
Real Estate	Land Law 1969, Planning Law 1965	Chok HaMikrkain
Corporate	Companies Law 1999	Chok HaChevarot
Consumer	Consumer Protection Law 1981 (with multiple amendments including recent updates for digital commerce)	Chok Haganat HaTzarchan
Privacy	Privacy Protection Law 1981 (last major reform: Amendment 13, in force August 14, 2025: independent Privacy Protection Authority enforcement; mandatory DPO triggers with a compliance grace period that ended 2025-10-31; "prompt" PPA notification of severe security incidents (the statute does NOT use the GDPR 72-hour wording); significant administrative fines that scale with the size of the database, the type of violation, and the controller's turnover (capped as a percentage of annual turnover in the most serious cases; for the exact tariff figures consult the PPA's Amendment-13 guide rather than quoting a number from memory), plus statutory damages without proof of harm whose ceiling depends on the head you cite: PPL Section 29A allows up to NIS 50,000 without proof of harm, raised to up to NIS 100,000 only where the violation was committed with intent to harm; Amendment 13's own new no-proof-of-harm damages head is capped at NIS 10,000. Do NOT cite "NIS 100,000 without proof of harm" unconditionally, attach the intent-to-harm condition. An early Amendment-13 enforcement action was a NIS 75,000 administrative fine on an individual for unauthorized retrieval of data from National Insurance Institute (Bituach Leumi) databases)	Chok Haganat HaPratiut
Torts	Torts Ordinance (New Version)	Pkudat HaNezikin
Family	Various personal status laws	Dinei Mishpacha
Tax	Income Tax Ordinance, VAT Law	Pkudat Mas Hachnasa, Chok Maam
Administrative	Administrative Courts Law 2000	Chok Batei Mishpat LeInynaim Minhaliyim
Courts & Procedure	Courts Law 1984 (small claims, Sections 59-62), Civil Procedure Regulations 2018	Chok Batei HaMishpat, Takanot Seder HaDin
Limitations	Limitation Law 1958 (7 years general; 25 years registered land)	Chok HaHityashnut

Step 3: Research and Present

When researching:

1. Start with the primary legislation (the "chok" or "pkuda")
2. Note relevant amendments (tikunim) and their dates
3. Reference key court rulings (psikot din) if relevant
4. Explain in plain language first, then provide Hebrew legal terms
5. Link to public sources when available (Knesset website, Kol Zchut)

Step 4: Provide Context

For every legal research response:

• State which law(s) apply. Cite section numbers (saifim) ONLY when you have verified them against a source; if you are not certain of the exact saif, name the law and tell the user where to confirm the section ([source]) instead of guessing a number (this follows the anti-hallucination rule above, never emit an unverified saif just to fill the slot)
• Note if the law has been recently amended
• Mention if there are pending legislative changes
• Suggest specific sections of Kol Zchut for free detailed information
• Recommend consulting an orech din for specific cases

Hebrew Legal Terminology Reference

Hebrew	English	Context
chok	law/statute	Primary legislation by Knesset
pkuda	ordinance	Pre-state legislation still in force
takana	regulation	Secondary legislation by minister
psak din	court ruling	Binding precedent
bagatz	High Court of Justice	Supreme Court sitting as HCJ
tvia	claim/lawsuit	Filing a legal action
ktav tvia	statement of claim	Opening document in civil case
ktav hagana	statement of defense	Defendant's response
orech din	attorney/lawyer	Licensed legal practitioner
roeh cheshbon	accountant	Certified public accountant
notar	notary	Public notary
saif	section	Section of a law
saif katan	subsection	Subsection of a law

Examples

Example 1: Employment Rights Question

User says: "What severance pay is an employee entitled to in Israel?" Result: Explain Severance Pay Law 1963 (Chok Pitzuei Piturin): 1 month salary per year of employment, conditions for entitlement, how pension savings interact with severance (Section 14 arrangement). Recommend Kol Zchut page and consulting an employment lawyer.

Example 2: Contract Question

User says: "What makes a contract valid in Israel?" Result: Explain Contracts Law (General Part) 1973: offer (hatzaa), acceptance (kibul), consideration not required in Israeli law (unlike common law), good faith requirement (tom lev), void vs. voidable contracts.

Example 3: Starting a Business

User says: "What legal structure should I use for a startup in Israel?" Result: Compare options: Chevra Baam (Ltd company), Shutfut (partnership), Osek Morsheh/Patur (sole proprietor). Explain Companies Law 1999 requirements, registration with Companies Registrar (Rasham HaChevarot).

Bundled Resources

Scripts

• scripts/legal_term_lookup.py, Interactive Hebrew legal terminology database with 39 terms covering courts, legislation types, legal proceedings, professionals, contract law, employment law, and property law. Supports single-term lookup, area-filtered listing, and full dictionary display. Run: python scripts/legal_term_lookup.py --help

References

• references/legal-databases-guide.md, Comprehensive guide to Israeli legal research databases including paid platforms (Nevo, Takdin, Psakdin) and free resources (Knesset portal, Court rulings portal, Kol Zchut, Bituach Leumi). Consult when the user needs to find legislation text, court rulings, or rights information and you need to recommend the right source.
• references/legislation-index.md, Index of key Israeli legislation organized by area (constitutional, contract, employment, corporate, real estate, consumer, tort, privacy, tax, criminal, administrative) with Hebrew names, key section numbers, and practical notes. Consult when you need to identify which specific law applies to a user's question.

Gotchas

• Israeli laws are referenced by their Hebrew year of enactment (e.g., תשמ"א / tashma"a = 1981; תשמ"ב / tashma"b = 1982), not the Gregorian year. Agents may cite the wrong law when searching by year number alone.
• The Israeli legal system is a mixed system (not pure common law or civil law). Agents trained on US/UK case law may incorrectly assume binding precedent rules or jury trials, neither of which apply in Israel.
• Kol Zchut (All Rights) is the authoritative free legal information wiki in Israel, not Wikipedia. Agents may link to generic sources instead of kol-zchut.org.il for Israeli rights information.
• Israeli court decisions are cited by a leading case-type abbreviation + docket number, then the party names (e.g., ע"א 4628/93 מדינת ישראל נ' אפרופים). This differs from the US reporter/volume system, but party names ARE included (X נ' Y). Do not drop the party names, and do not invent the docket number.
• Many Israeli laws from the British Mandate era (pkudot) are still in force. Agents may assume pre-1948 legislation is obsolete when it is not.
• The 2024-01-01 HCJ judgment had TWO separate votes. The 8-7 vote struck down the reasonableness amendment. A separate (larger) majority (12-3 / 13-2 depending on the sub-question) held that HCJ has authority to strike down Basic Laws in narrow circumstances. Agents routinely conflate the two and cite "8-7" for the Basic-Laws-review authority point. Cite each holding to its own count.
• Contract-interpretation doctrine in Israel shifted with Amendment 3 to the Contracts Law (General Part), which rewrote Section 25(a) and passed its third reading on 2026-01-05. The change narrows the Apropim rule for COMMERCIAL contracts only (a commercial contract is now interpreted by its text unless the text is absurd or self-contradictory); non-commercial, standard-form (חוזה אחיד), and employment contracts continue under the prior Apropim interpretation rule. Pre-amendment case law that treated subjective intent as co-equal with text is no longer the safe default for commercial contracts. Verify which contract type applies, and confirm the amendment number and in-force date against the Knesset portal, before citing in a brief.
• Status of the 2025 Judicial Selection Committee reform: the law passed Knesset on 2025-03-27 but does NOT take effect until the next Knesset is sworn in after the October 2026 elections. Treat current committee composition as unchanged when answering questions about who appoints judges today.
• The 2026 "judicial-overhaul-redux" measures are at DIFFERENT stages, do not blanket-label them "mid-process." The Mahash (Police Internal Investigations) subordination bill is ENACTED (final reading 2026-06-11); presenting it as still pending is itself a wrong-law error. The AG-split bill (first reading) and the ministerial-legal-advisers bill (preliminary reading) genuinely are mid-process, do not present them as enacted. The Civil Service Commissioner appointment change is reported but unconfirmed as a distinct enacted bill, treat as unverified. Check the Knesset portal for the current stage of each before citing.

Reference Links

Source	URL	What to Check
Knesset legislation portal	https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation/	Primary Israeli legislation, amendments (tikunim)
Kol Zchut	https://www.kolzchut.org.il	Rights and benefits wiki in Hebrew, Arabic, English
Nevo	https://www.nevo.co.il	Comprehensive (paid) Israeli legal database
Takdin	https://www.takdin.co.il	Alternative (paid) legal database
Bituach Leumi (NII)	https://www.btl.gov.il	Social security benefits, entitlements and appeals

Troubleshooting

Error: "Cannot access Nevo/Takdin"

Cause: These are paid databases requiring subscription Solution: Use free alternatives: Knesset legislation portal, Court rulings portal, Kol Zchut wiki. Note that free sources may not be as comprehensive.

Error: "Law may have been amended"

Cause: Israeli laws are frequently amended; information may be outdated Solution: Always recommend verifying current version on Knesset website or Nevo. Note the last known amendment date.