---

name: onnx-to-cvimodel description: "Expert guide for converting ONNX models to CVIMODEL format for Sophgo CV181x TPU. Supports YOLO11/YOLO26 (detect, pose, seg, cls), BiSeNetv2 (semantic segmentation), and PP-LiteSeg (semantic segmentation). Includes tested conversion scripts, quantization tables (qtables), ION memory optimization (--quant_output), validation workflow, and complete documentation. Use when user needs to convert ONNX models to CVIMODEL, set up TPU-MLIR conversion pipeline, configure output names and quantization, optimize ION memory usage, validate conversion accuracy, or troubleshoot conversion issues." compatibility: Requires Docker, the sophgo/tpuc_dev:v3.1 image, a local TPU-MLIR installation, an ONNX model, and a calibration dataset. license: Complete terms in LICENSE.txt

ONNX to CVIMODEL Conversion Guide

This skill provides scripts, configurations, and guidance for converting models from ONNX to CVIMODEL format for Sophgo CV181x TPU (reCamera, SG200x).

Instructions

Step 1: Confirm the required environment

Before suggesting or running conversion commands, require:

• Docker
• The sophgo/tpuc_dev:v3.1 image
• A local TPU-MLIR installation mounted into the container
• An ONNX model file
• A calibration dataset

If a required dependency or input is missing:

• Stop before claiming conversion can proceed
• State exactly what is missing
• Tell the user the skill may be installed, but the current task is blocked until that requirement is provided

Step 2: Treat missing validation as unresolved

If conversion completes but ONNX vs CVIMODEL validation was not run, do not describe the model as verified.

Supported models:

• YOLO11/YOLO26: detection, pose, segmentation, classification
• BiSeNetv2: semantic segmentation (Cityscapes)
• PP-LiteSeg: semantic segmentation (Cityscapes)

The conversion process uses TPU-MLIR Docker environment and requires:

• ONNX model file
• Calibration dataset (images)
• Correct output names for each model/task combination

Quick Start - One Command Conversion

# Export YOLO11n to ONNX and convert to CVIMODEL in one go
python3 export_and_convert.py --model yolo11n --task detect

# Or use existing ONNX
./convert_yolo11_detect.sh yolo11n.onnx dataset/

Available Scripts

1. Universal Conversion Script

./convert_to_cvimodel.sh <onnx_file> <dataset_dir>

2. Task-Specific Scripts

./convert_yolo11_detect.sh <onnx> <dataset>     # YOLO11 detection
./convert_yolo11_pose.sh <onnx> <dataset>      # YOLO11 pose (needs qtable)
./convert_yolo11_seg.sh <onnx> <dataset>       # YOLO11 segmentation (needs qtable)
./convert_yolo11_cls.sh <onnx> <dataset>       # YOLO11 classification
./convert_yolo26_detect.sh <onnx> <dataset>     # YOLO26 detection
./convert_yolo26_cls.sh <onnx> <dataset>       # YOLO26 classification

3. BiSeNetv2 Semantic Segmentation

./convert_bisenetv2.sh <onnx> <dataset>              # BiSeNetv2 (INT8 + BF16 + INT8_quant_output)

4. PP-LiteSeg Semantic Segmentation

./convert_ppliteseg.sh <onnx> <dataset>              # PP-LiteSeg (INT8 + INT8_quant_output)

PP-LiteSeg requires ONNX graph surgery before conversion (handled automatically by the script):

• Removes ArgMax + Cast nodes (keeps pre-argmax logits)
• Fixes AveragePool count_include_pad (0 → 1, cv181x requirement)
• Pre-simplifies with local onnxsim (avoids Docker onnxsim Squeeze bug)

4. Batch Conversion

./batch_convert_all.sh    # Convert all ONNX files in current directory

Critical: ION Memory Optimization (--quant_output)

Problem: CV181x ION memory is shared between TPU, VPSS, VENC. Total ~60MB. INT8 models with float32 output dequantize on-chip, consuming massive ION memory.

Solution: Use --quant_output flag to keep int8 output, avoiding dequantization.

# Without --quant_output (INT8 model, float32 output) → 62.89MB ION ❌
model_deploy.py ... --quantize INT8 --model model_int8.cvimodel

# With --quant_output (INT8 model, int8 output) → 34.27MB ION ✅
model_deploy.py ... --quantize INT8 --quant_output --model model_int8_qout.cvimodel

When to use --quant_output:

• When ION memory is constrained (< 60MB budget)
• When the model output is used for argmax/classification (int8 argmax is equivalent for uniform quantization)
• BiSeNetV2, classification models, any model where post-processing only needs relative ordering

When NOT to use --quant_output:

• When absolute float32 values matter (e.g., confidence thresholds at specific values)
• When downstream processing requires float32 precision

BiSeNetv2 Variant	Model Size	ION Memory	Output Type
BF16	14 MB	87.59 MB	float32
INT8 (no --quant_output)	6.0 MB	62.89 MB	float32
INT8 (--quant_output)	5.9 MB	34.27 MB	int8

PP-LiteSeg Variant	Model Size	ION Memory	Output Type
INT8 (no --quant_output)	10.3 MB	59.00 MB	float32
INT8 (--quant_output)	9.8 MB	26.73 MB	int8

Critical: Docker tpu-mlir Mount

The Docker image sophgo/tpuc_dev:v3.1 ships with /workspace/tpu-mlir empty. You MUST mount your local tpu-mlir installation:

# Correct: mount local tpu-mlir
docker run --rm \
    -v /path/to/local/tpu-mlir:/workspace/tpu-mlir \
    -v /path/to/work:/work \
    sophgo/tpuc_dev:v3.1 bash -c \
    'source /workspace/tpu-mlir/envsetup.sh && ...'

# Wrong: using the empty /workspace/tpu-mlir inside Docker

Critical: CVIMODEL Input Format

Models converted with --fuse_preprocess expect uint8 RGB NHWC input, NOT float32 NCHW:

# CORRECT: feed raw uint8 RGB data
img_rgb = cv2.cvtColor(img_bgr, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
img_resized = cv2.resize(img_rgb, (MODEL_W, MODEL_H))
input_data = np.ascontiguousarray(img_resized, dtype=np.uint8)
# Flatten to (1, 1, 1, H*W*3) for input_image_raw
model.inputs[0].data[:] = input_data.reshape(model.inputs[0].data.shape)

# WRONG: feeding float32 NCHW normalized data

Validation Workflow

After conversion, always validate ONNX vs CVIMODEL output consistency:

# 1. ONNX inference (standard float32 pipeline)
from ultralytics import YOLO
import onnxruntime as ort, numpy as np, cv2

sess = ort.InferenceSession("model.onnx")
img = cv2.imread("test.jpg")
img_rgb = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
img_float = cv2.resize(img_rgb, (W, H)).astype(np.float32) / 255.0
img_norm = (img_float - mean) / std
img_nchw = np.transpose(img_norm, (2, 0, 1))[np.newaxis].astype(np.float32)
onnx_out = sess.run(None, {input_name: img_nchw})[0]
label_onnx = np.argmax(onnx_out[0], axis=0).astype(np.uint8)

# 2. CVIMODEL inference (uint8 RGB, fuse_preprocess handles normalization)
import pyruntime_cvi as cvi
model = cvi.Model("model_cv181x_int8_qout.cvimodel", output_all_tensors=True)
img_rgb2 = cv2.cvtColor(cv2.imread("test.jpg"), cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
input_data = np.ascontiguousarray(cv2.resize(img_rgb2, (W, H)), dtype=np.uint8)
model.inputs[0].data[:] = input_data.reshape(model.inputs[0].data.shape)
model.forward()
# Find int8 output (name contains "preds" and dtype is int8)
for out in model.outputs:
    if "preds" in out.name:
        cvi_out = out.data
label_cvi = np.argmax(cvi_out[0].astype(np.int32), axis=0).astype(np.uint8)

# 3. Compare
agreement = np.sum(label_onnx == label_cvi) / label_onnx.size * 100
print(f"Pixel agreement: {agreement:.2f}%")

Tested & Validated Conversions

BiSeNetv2 Cityscapes (Full Validation)

Metric	Value
ONNX → CVIMODEL pixel agreement	98.76% (image 1), 99.00% (image 2)
road IoU	0.9982
sidewalk IoU	0.9896
building IoU	0.9821
car IoU	0.9161 / 0.9565
vegetation IoU	0.9509 / 0.9440
Device inference (CV181x TPU)	pre: 2ms, infer: 276ms, post: 158ms = 436ms total
ION memory (int8_qout)	34.27 MB

Quantization errors are concentrated at:

• Small object edges (pole, traffic sign) — expected INT8 precision loss
• Class boundaries — normal quantization artifacts

PP-LiteSeg Cityscapes (Full Validation)

Metric	Value
ONNX → CVIMODEL pixel agreement	92.40% (image 1), 96.24% (image 2)
Avg agreement	94.32%
road IoU	0.9905 / 0.9520
building IoU	0.8785 / 0.9654
car IoU	0.7909 / 0.9328
vegetation IoU	0.9083 / 0.4895
sidewalk IoU	0.9458
ION memory (int8)	59.00 MB
ION memory (int8_qout)	26.73 MB

PP-LiteSeg has lower pixel agreement than BiSeNetV2 (94% vs 98%) due to:

• Larger input resolution (512x1024 vs 256x512) → more boundary pixels
• Different model architecture (PMLiteSeg uses SPM+UAFM vs BiSeNetV2's Bilateral)
• Quantization errors more visible at small object edges (fence, person)

Recommendation: Use --quant_output variant (26.73 MB ION) — standard INT8 (59 MB) is near the cv181x ~60MB ION limit.

YOLO Series

Model	ONNX Size	CVIMODEL Size	Command
YOLO11n detect	10.7 MB	3.0 MB	./convert_yolo11_detect.sh yolo11n.onnx dataset/
YOLO11n pose	11.3 MB	3.6 MB	./convert_yolo11_pose.sh yolo11n-pose.onnx dataset/
YOLO11n seg	11.7 MB	4.0 MB	./convert_yolo11_seg.sh yolo11n-seg.onnx dataset/
YOLO11n cls	10.8 MB	3.0 MB	./convert_yolo11_cls.sh yolo11n-cls.onnx dataset/
YOLO26n detect	9.4 MB	2.9 MB	./convert_yolo26_detect.sh yolo26n.onnx dataset/
YOLO26n cls	11.3 MB	3.0 MB	./convert_yolo26_cls.sh yolo26n-cls.onnx dataset/
BiSeNetv2 seg	13 MB	5.9 MB (INT8_qout)	./convert_bisenetv2.sh bisenetv2.onnx dataset/
PP-LiteSeg seg	32 MB	9.8 MB (INT8_qout)	./convert_ppliteseg.sh pp_liteseg.onnx dataset/

Model-Specific Output Names (Copy & Paste)

YOLO11 Detection

--output_names /model.23/cv2.0/cv2.0.2/Conv_output_0,/model.23/cv3.0/cv3.0.2/Conv_output_0,/model.23/cv2.1/cv2.1.2/Conv_output_0,/model.23/cv3.1/cv3.1.2/Conv_output_0,/model.23/cv2.2/cv2.2.2/Conv_output_0,/model.23/cv3.2/cv3.2.2/Conv_output_0

YOLO26 Detection

--output_names /model.23/one2one_cv2.0/one2one_cv2.0.2/Conv_output_0,/model.23/one2one_cv3.0/one2one_cv3.0.2/Conv_output_0,/model.23/one2one_cv2.1/one2one_cv2.1.2/Conv_output_0,/model.23/one2one_cv3.1/one2one_cv3.1.2/Conv_output_0,/model.23/one2one_cv2.2/one2one_cv2.2.2/Conv_output_0,/model.23/one2one_cv3.2/one2one_cv3.2.2/Conv_output_0

YOLO11 Segmentation

--output_names output0,output1

YOLO11 Pose

--output_names output0
--quantize_table yolo11n_pose_qtable

BiSeNetv2 Segmentation

--output_names preds
--input_shapes [[1,3,512,1024]]
--mean 123.675,116.28,103.53 --scale 0.01712475,0.01750700,0.01742919

PP-LiteSeg Segmentation

--output_names p2o.pd_op.bilinear_interp.6.0
--input_shapes [[1,3,512,1024]]
--mean 123.675,116.28,103.53 --scale 0.01712475,0.01750700,0.01742919

PP-LiteSeg ONNX graph surgery required (see PP-LiteSeg Conversion Details below).

BiSeNetv2 Conversion Details

BiSeNetv2 is a lightweight semantic segmentation model. Key differences from YOLO:

• Input shape: Non-square [1,3,512,1024] (H, W configurable via env vars)
• Preprocessing: ImageNet mean/scale (123.675,116.28,103.53 / 0.01712,0.01751,0.01743)
• No --keep_aspect_ratio: Fixed resolution input
• Triple output: Produces INT8, BF16, and INT8+quant_output CVIMODEL files
• Recommended: Use INT8+quant_output variant for ION-constrained devices

Usage

# Basic conversion (produces 3 variants: int8, bf16, int8_qout)
./scripts/convert_bisenetv2.sh bisenetv2.onnx ./dataset

# Custom resolution
INPUT_H=256 INPUT_W=512 ./scripts/convert_bisenetv2.sh bisenetv2.onnx ./dataset

# Custom model name
MODEL_NAME=bisenetv2_custom ./scripts/convert_bisenetv2.sh bisenetv2.onnx ./dataset

Environment Variables

Variable	Default	Description
MODEL_NAME	bisenetv2_cityscapes	Model name used in output filenames
CHIP	cv181x	Target chip
INPUT_H	512	Input height
INPUT_W	1024	Input width
CALIBRATION_EPOCHS	20	Number of calibration images
OUTPUT_NAME	preds	ONNX output tensor name
MEAN	123.675,116.28,103.53	ImageNet mean
SCALE	0.01712475,0.01750700,0.01742919	ImageNet scale
QUANT_OUTPUT	true	Whether to generate --quant_output variant

PP-LiteSeg Conversion Details

PP-LiteSeg is a PaddlePaddle lightweight semantic segmentation model. It requires ONNX graph surgery before TPU-MLIR conversion.

Required ONNX Graph Surgery

PP-LiteSeg ONNX has these issues that must be fixed:

1. Remove ArgMax + Cast nodes: Original output is [1, H, W] int32 (post-argmax label map). TPU-MLIR needs [1, 19, H, W] float32 pre-argmax logits. Remove the last ArgMax and Cast nodes, expose the preceding Resize (bilinear_interp) output.

2. Fix AveragePool count_include_pad: PP-LiteSeg has 5 AveragePool ops with count_include_pad=0, but cv181x hardware requires count_include_pad=1. Change all 5 to =1. Impact: minimal (< 0.01% pixel difference).

3. Pre-simplify with local onnxsim: Docker's onnxsim (inside sophgo/tpuc_dev:v3.1) introduces broken Squeeze ops. Run onnxsim locally (pip install onnxsim) before feeding to Docker. Do NOT run onnxsim inside Docker.

# Graph surgery (automated by convert_ppliteseg.sh)
import onnx, onnxsim
from onnx import TensorProto, helper

model = onnx.load("pp_liteseg.onnx")

# 1. Find last Resize output name
resize_out = None
for node in model.graph.node:
    if node.op_type == 'Resize':
        resize_out = node.output[0]

# 2. Add as new graph output
new_out = helper.make_tensor_value_info(resize_out, TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 19, 512, 1024])
model.graph.output.insert(0, new_out)

# 3. Simplify LOCALLY (not in Docker)
model, check = onnxsim.simplify(model, test_input_shapes={'x': [1, 3, 512, 1024]})

# 4. Fix AveragePool count_include_pad
for node in model.graph.node:
    if node.op_type == 'AveragePool':
        for attr in node.attribute:
            if attr.name == 'count_include_pad':
                attr.i = 1

onnx.save(model, "pp_liteseg_prepared.onnx")

Usage

# Basic conversion (produces int8 + int8_qout variants)
./scripts/convert_ppliteseg.sh pp_liteseg.onnx ./dataset

# Custom resolution
INPUT_H=256 INPUT_W=512 ./scripts/convert_ppliteseg.sh pp_liteseg.onnx ./dataset

Environment Variables

Variable	Default	Description
MODEL_NAME	pp_liteseg	Model name
CHIP	cv181x	Target chip
INPUT_H	512	Input height
INPUT_W	1024	Input width
CALIBRATION_EPOCHS	20	Calibration images
MEAN	123.675,116.28,103.53	ImageNet mean
SCALE	0.01712475,0.01750700,0.01742919	ImageNet scale
QUANT_OUTPUT	true	Generate int8 output variant

sscma-model Compatibility

PP-LiteSeg cvimodel is detected as MA_MODEL_TYPE_BISENETV2 (type 17) by sscma-model. The BiSeNetV2 postprocessor handles both int8 and float32 outputs via argmax, so PP-LiteSeg works directly with sscma-model:

# On device (RGB_PACKED format, sscma-model feeds HWC packed data)
sscma-model pp_liteseg_int8_qout.cvimodel input.jpg result.jpg

Important: Use RGB_PACKED (not RGB_PLANAR) format. sscma-model always feeds HWC packed data via rgb888_to_rgb888().

Docker Command Template (Manual)

docker run --privileged --rm \
    -v /path/to/local/tpu-mlir:/workspace/tpu-mlir \
    -v $PWD:/work \
    -w /workspace sophgo/tpuc_dev:v3.1 bash -c "
source /workspace/tpu-mlir/envsetup.sh
mkdir -p workspace && cd workspace
cp ../model.onnx .
model_transform.py --model_name MODEL --model_def model.onnx \
  --input_shapes '[[1,3,640,640]]' --mean 0.0,0.0,0.0 --scale 0.0039216,0.0039216,0.0039216 \
  --keep_aspect_ratio --pixel_format rgb --output_names 'OUTPUT_NAMES' \
  --test_input test.jpg --test_result top.npz --mlir model.mlir
run_calibration.py model.mlir --dataset ../dataset --input_num 100 -o calib_table
model_deploy.py --mlir model.mlir --quantize INT8 --quant_input \
  --processor cv181x --calibration_table calib_table \
  --test_input test.jpg --test_reference top.npz \
  --customization_format RGB_PACKED --fuse_preprocess --aligned_input \
  --model model_cv181x_int8.cvimodel
"

Quick ONNX Export Commands

from ultralytics import YOLO
YOLO('yolo11n.pt').export(format='onnx', imgsz=640, simplify=False, opset=12)     # Detection
YOLO('yolo11n-cls.pt').export(format='onnx', imgsz=224, simplify=False, opset=12)   # Classification
YOLO('yolo11n-pose.pt').export(format='onnx', imgsz=640, simplify=False, opset=12)  # Pose
YOLO('yolo11n-seg.pt').export(format='onnx', imgsz=640, simplify=False, opset=12)   # Segmentation

Check ONNX Outputs

import onnx
from onnx import shape_inference

model = onnx.load('model.onnx')
model = shape_inference.infer_shapes(model)

for output in model.graph.output:
    shape = [str(d.dim_value) if d.dim_value else '?'
             for d in output.type.tensor_type.shape.dim]
    print(f"{output.name}: [{', '.join(shape)}]")

Hybrid Quantization (qtable)

For pose/segmentation, use qtable for better accuracy:

# Copy qtables from skill assets
cp assets/yolo11n_pose_qtable ./
cp assets/yolo11n_seg ./

# Use in deployment
model_deploy.py ... --quantize_table yolo11n_pose_qtable \
  --model yolo11n-pose_cv181x_mix.cvimodel

Not Supported

Model	Reason	Alternative
YOLO26n pose	Mod operation not supported	Use YOLO11n-pose
YOLO26n seg	Mod operation not supported	Use YOLO11n-seg
ONNX TopK/Argmax ops	Not supported in TPU-MLIR	Post-process on CPU instead

Troubleshooting

Error: operand xxx not found during model_transform Cause: Docker's onnxsim introduces broken Squeeze ops when simplifying PP-LiteSeg. Solution: Pre-simplify ONNX with local onnxsim (pip install onnxsim) before Docker conversion.

Error: AvgPooling2d: assertion count_include_pad=true during model_deploy Cause: PP-LiteSeg has AveragePool with count_include_pad=0, but cv181x requires =1. Solution: Fix all AveragePool nodes in ONNX before conversion (automated by convert_ppliteseg.sh).

Error: Op not support: Mod Cause: YOLO26 pose or segmentation uses the Mod operator, which is not supported here. Solution: Use YOLO11 for pose or segmentation instead.

Error: model_transform: command not found Cause: TPU-MLIR environment was not initialized. Solution: Run source /workspace/tpu-mlir/envsetup.sh inside the container.

Error: Wrong output order or unusable detection results Cause: Detection outputs are not provided in the expected alternating order. Solution: For detection models, ensure outputs are alternating Box, Class, Box, Class, Box, Class.

Error: ION memory exceeds budget Cause: INT8 output was dequantized to float32 or the chosen variant uses too much memory. Solution: Add --quant_output when downstream logic only needs relative ordering.

Error: pymlir import fails Cause: Host Python environment does not match the expected TPU-MLIR runtime. Solution: Run the workflow inside the Docker container instead of on the host.

Error: /workspace/tpu-mlir is empty inside Docker Cause: Local TPU-MLIR was not mounted into the container. Solution: Mount it explicitly with -v /path/to/tpu-mlir:/workspace/tpu-mlir.

Error: CVIMODEL results are completely wrong Cause: Input preprocessing is mismatched. Solution: Check that fuse_preprocess is receiving uint8 RGB NHWC input, not float32 NCHW.

Error: Device output is bbox-style instead of segmentation Cause: cvimodel uses RGB_PLANAR format but sscma-model feeds HWC packed data. Solution: Re-convert with --customization_format RGB_PACKED. sscma-model always feeds HWC data via rgb888_to_rgb888().

Key Points

1. YOLO26 pose/seg NOT supported - Use YOLO11
2. Detection needs 6 alternating outputs - Box, Class, Box, Class, Box, Class
3. BiSeNetv2 uses ImageNet preprocessing - Different mean/scale from YOLO
4. PP-LiteSeg requires ONNX graph surgery - Remove ArgMax/Cast, fix AveragePool, pre-simplify locally
5. PP-LiteSeg: do NOT run onnxsim inside Docker - Local onnxsim only, Docker's version has Squeeze bug
6. Use --quant_output for ION-constrained devices - PP-LiteSeg: 59MB→27MB, BiSeNetV2: 63MB→34MB
7. Use RGB_PACKED for sscma-model compatibility - sscma-model feeds HWC packed data
8. Mount local tpu-mlir into Docker - Docker image has empty /workspace/tpu-mlir
9. CVIMODEL with fuse_preprocess expects uint8 RGB NHWC - Not float32 NCHW
10. qtable for YOLO pose/seg - Better accuracy with hybrid quantization
11. 100+ calibration images for production
12. Always validate ONNX vs CVIMODEL pixel agreement after conversion