计划执行与检查节点
executing-plans
按既定实施计划完成工作,保持过程检查和反馈。
run-chaos-experiment【效率与协作】使用 Litmus 或 Chaos Mesh 设计并执行混沌工程实验。通过受控故障注入测试系统韧性、 验证假设驱动的测试、改善故障恢复能力。适用于重大产品发布前、架构变更后验证韧性、 GameDay 或灾难恢复演练期间、验证对故障模式的假设,或作为 SRE 成熟度计划的一部分。
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注入受控故障,测试并改善系统韧性。
记录正常系统行为:
## Steady State Definition
### Service: API Gateway
- **Availability**: 99.9% (< 0.1% error rate)
- **Latency**: p95 < 200ms
- **Throughput**: 1000 req/s
- **Dependencies**: Database (Postgres), Cache (Redis), Auth Service
### Metrics
- `rate(http_requests_total{job="api"}[5m])`
- `histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m]))`
- `rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m])`
## Hypothesis
**"If one API pod is killed, the remaining pods will handle the load with <5s
disruption and no increase in error rate."**
### Validation Criteria
- Error rate remains <1%
- p95 latency stays <300ms (50ms grace)
- Service recovers within 5 seconds
- No cascading failures to downstream services
预期结果: 清晰、可测量的正常行为定义和成功标准。
失败处理: 如果无法定义稳态,说明可观测性不足。先添加指标。
将实验范围限定在最小风险范围内:
# chaos-config.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
name: chaos-testing
---
# Label pods participating in chaos experiments
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
chaos-enabled: "true"
environment: staging # NEVER production for first run
设置安全措施:
## Blast Radius Controls
### Environment
- **Scope**: Staging only (first 5 runs)
- **Production**: Only after 5 successful staging runs
- **Timing**: Business hours (09:00-17:00 local), never weekends/holidays
### Target Selection
- **Limit**: Max 1 pod per service
- **Percentage**: Max 25% of replicas
- **Exclusions**: Database, payment service, auth service (critical path)
### Auto-Abort Conditions
- Error rate >10% for >30 seconds
- Customer-facing alerts fire
- Manual abort signal from on-call engineer
### Rollback Plan
- Kubernetes will auto-restart killed pods
- Manual rollback: `kubectl rollout undo deployment/api`
- Incident declared if recovery takes >5 minutes
预期结果: 实验有明确边界,不会使整个系统宕机。
失败处理: 如果爆炸半径过大,缩小范围。从一个非关键服务开始。
部署 Chaos Mesh(Kubernetes 原生):
# Add Chaos Mesh Helm repo
helm repo add chaos-mesh https://charts.chaos-mesh.org
helm repo update
# Install Chaos Mesh in isolated namespace
helm install chaos-mesh chaos-mesh/chaos-mesh \
--namespace chaos-mesh \
--create-namespace \
--set dashboard.create=true \
--set controllerManager.replicaCount=1
# Verify installation
kubectl get pods -n chaos-mesh
# Access dashboard
kubectl port-forward -n chaos-mesh svc/chaos-dashboard 2333:2333
# Open http://localhost:2333
替代方案:Litmus(供应商中立):
# Install Litmus
kubectl apply -f https://litmuschaos.github.io/litmus/litmus-operator-v2.14.0.yaml
# Wait for Litmus pods
kubectl get pods -n litmus
# Install Litmus CRDs
kubectl apply -f https://hub.litmuschaos.io/api/chaos/master?file=charts/generic/experiments.yaml
预期结果: Chaos Mesh 或 Litmus 运行,仪表板可访问。
失败处理: 检查 RBAC 权限。混沌工具需要集群范围的访问权限。
示例:Pod Kill 实验(Chaos Mesh):
# pod-kill-experiment.yaml
apiVersion: chaos-mesh.org/v1alpha1
kind: PodChaos
metadata:
name: api-pod-kill-test
namespace: chaos-testing
spec:
action: pod-kill
mode: one # Kill one pod only
selector:
namespaces:
- production
labelSelectors:
app: api-gateway
chaos-enabled: "true"
duration: "30s"
scheduler:
cron: "@every 5m" # Repeat every 5 minutes (for sustained testing)
应用实验:
# Apply experiment
kubectl apply -f pod-kill-experiment.yaml
# Watch experiment status
kubectl get podchaos -n chaos-testing -w
# View detailed status
kubectl describe podchaos api-pod-kill-test -n chaos-testing
# Check which pods were affected
kubectl get events -n production --sort-by=.metadata.creationTimestamp | grep api-gateway
在 Grafana 中监控影响:
# Error rate during experiment
rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5..", job="api"}[1m])
# Latency spike
histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket{job="api"}[1m]))
# Pod restarts
rate(kube_pod_container_status_restarts_total{pod=~"api-.*"}[5m])
预期结果: Pod 被杀死,Kubernetes 重启它,服务以轻微抖动继续运行。
失败处理: 如果错误率激增或服务显著降级,中止实验并调查。
创建实验报告:
# Chaos Experiment Report: API Pod Kill
**Date**: 2025-02-09
**Hypothesis**: API stays available if one pod crashes
**Tool**: Chaos Mesh
**Environment**: Staging
**Duration**: 30 seconds (pod kill + recovery)
## Results
### Metrics During Experiment
- **Error Rate**: Increased from 0.1% to 2.3% (spike lasted 8 seconds)
- **p95 Latency**: Increased from 180ms to 450ms (spike lasted 12 seconds)
- **Recovery Time**: 8 seconds (pod restart + load balancer update)
### Hypothesis Outcome
**FAILED**: Error rate exceeded 1% threshold, latency spike >300ms
## Root Cause Analysis
- Load balancer continued routing to killed pod for 8 seconds (stale endpoint)
- Readiness probe set to 10s interval (too slow)
- No pre-stop hook to drain connections gracefully
## Improvements Made
1. **Reduced readiness probe interval**: 10s → 2s
2. **Added pre-stop hook**: 5-second sleep for connection draining
3. **Tuned load balancer**: Enabled faster endpoint updates
## Follow-Up Experiment
- Re-run with same parameters in 1 week
- Expected: Error rate <1%, recovery <5s
在日志中追踪实验:
# chaos-experiment-log.csv
date,experiment,environment,status,error_rate_peak,recovery_time_s,outcome
2025-02-09,pod-kill-api,staging,complete,2.3%,8,failed
2025-02-16,pod-kill-api,staging,complete,0.8%,4,passed
2025-02-23,network-delay-db,staging,aborted,15%,N/A,failed
预期结果: 经验教训已记录,修复已实施,跟进已安排。
失败处理: 如果实验后不采取行动,混沌工程就变成了形式主义。优先处理从中学到的修复。
暂存实验持续通过后:
# Production pod-kill experiment (more conservative)
apiVersion: chaos-mesh.org/v1alpha1
kind: PodChaos
metadata:
name: api-pod-kill-prod
namespace: chaos-testing
spec:
action: pod-kill
mode: one
selector:
namespaces:
- production
labelSelectors:
app: api-gateway
chaos-enabled: "true"
duration: "10s" # Shorter than staging
scheduler:
cron: "0 10 * * 2" # Tuesdays at 10 AM only (predictable, low-risk time)
生产环境安全措施:
# Create a kill switch for production chaos
kubectl create configmap chaos-killswitch \
-n chaos-testing \
--from-literal=enabled=true
# Update experiments to check kill switch
# (implementation depends on chaos tool)
预期结果: 生产实验在低风险时间窗口运行,紧急开关随时可用。
失败处理: 如果生产实验导致事故,立即停用并进行后复盘。
setup-prometheus-monitoring - 测量实验影响的指标configure-alerting-rules - 混沌期间触发的告警(预期行为)define-slo-sli-sla - 与 SLO 关联的稳态定义