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define-slo-sli-sla【数据与研究】Establish Service Level Objectives (SLO), Service Level Indicators (SLI), and Service Level Agreements (SLA) with error budget tracking, burn rate alerts, and automated reporting using Prometheus and tools like Sloth or Pyrra. Use when defining reliability targets for customer-facing services, balancing feature velocity against system reliability thr…
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立可量可靠目標,以指標測之,理誤差預算。
詳例見 Extended Examples。
三者之別與繫。
定義:
SLI (Service Level Indicator)
- **What**: A quantitative measure of service behavior
- **Example**: Request success rate, request latency, system throughput
- **Measurement**: `successful_requests / total_requests * 100`
SLO (Service Level Objective)
- **What**: Target value or range for an SLI over a time window
- **Example**: 99.9% of requests succeed in 30-day window
- **Purpose**: Internal reliability target to guide operations
SLA (Service Level Agreement)
- **What**: Contractual commitment with consequences for missing SLO
- **Example**: 99.9% uptime SLA with refunds if breached
- **Purpose**: External promise to customers with penalties
層級:
SLA (99.9% uptime, customer refunds)
├─ SLO (99.95% success rate, internal target)
│ └─ SLI (actual measured: 99.97% success rate)
└─ Error Budget (0.05% failures allowed per month)
要: SLO 當嚴於 SLA,留緩衝於客受影前。
例:
得: 團識別。度量選為 SLI 一致。SLO 目標共識。
敗:
繫用戶體驗+業務影響。
四金信號(Google SRE):
時延:服務請求時
# P95 latency
histogram_quantile(0.95,
sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)
)
流量:系統需求
# Requests per second
sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))
錯誤:失敗率
# Error rate percentage
sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m]))
/ sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) * 100
飽和:系統「滿」度
# CPU saturation
avg(rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode!="idle"}[5m]))
常見 SLI 型:
# Availability SLI
availability:
description: "Percentage of successful requests"
query: |
sum(rate(http_requests_total{status!~"5.."}[5m]))
/ sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))
good_threshold: 0.999 # 99.9%
# Latency SLI
latency:
description: "P99 request latency under 500ms"
query: |
histogram_quantile(0.99,
sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)
) < 0.5
good_threshold: 0.95 # 95% of windows meet target
# Throughput SLI
throughput:
description: "Requests processed per second"
query: |
sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))
good_threshold: 1000 # Minimum 1000 req/s
# Data freshness SLI (for batch jobs)
freshness:
description: "Data updated within last hour"
query: |
(time() - max(data_last_updated_timestamp)) < 3600
good_threshold: 1 # Always fresh
SLI 擇標:
避:
得: 每服務選 2-4 SLI,至少含可用+時延。團一致於查詢。
敗:
現實可達目標。
SLO 規範格式:
service: user-api
slos:
- name: availability
objective: 99.9
description: |
99.9% of requests return non-5xx status codes
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)
時窗:
30 日窗誤差預算例:
SLO: 99.9% availability over 30 days
Allowed failures: 0.1%
Total requests per month: 100M
Error budget: 100,000 failed requests
Daily budget: ~3,333 failed requests
定現實目標:
基線現況:
# Check actual availability over past 90 days
avg_over_time(
(sum(rate(http_requests_total{status!~"5.."}[5m]))
/ sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])))[90d:5m]
)
# Result: 99.95% → Set SLO at 99.9% (safer than current)
計九成之價:
99% → 7.2 hours downtime/month (low reliability)
99.9% → 43 minutes downtime/month (good)
99.95% → 22 minutes downtime/month (very good)
99.99% → 4.3 minutes downtime/month (expensive)
99.999% → 26 seconds downtime/month (very expensive)
衡用戶喜+工程價:
得: SLO 目標定,業務相關者贊同,錄理由,計誤差預算。
敗:
由 SLO 規範生 Prometheus 記錄規則+告警。
裝 Sloth:
# Binary installation
wget https://github.com/slok/sloth/releases/download/v0.11.0/sloth-linux-amd64
chmod +x sloth-linux-amd64
sudo mv sloth-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/sloth
# Or Docker
docker pull ghcr.io/slok/sloth:latest
建 Sloth SLO 規範 (slos/user-api.yml):
version: "prometheus/v1"
service: "user-api"
labels:
team: "platform"
tier: "1"
slos:
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)
生 Prometheus 規則:
# Generate recording and alerting rules
sloth generate -i slos/user-api.yml -o prometheus/rules/user-api-slo.yml
# Validate generated rules
promtool check rules prometheus/rules/user-api-slo.yml
生記錄規則(節錄):
groups:
- name: sloth-slo-sli-recordings-user-api-requests-availability
interval: 30s
rules:
# SLI: Ratio of good events
- record: slo:sli_error:ratio_rate5m
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)
生告警:
groups:
- name: sloth-slo-alerts-user-api-requests-availability
rules:
# Fast burn: 2% budget consumed in 1 hour
- alert: UserAPIHighErrorRate
expr: |
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)
載規則入 Prometheus:
# prometheus.yml
rule_files:
- "rules/user-api-slo.yml"
重載:
curl -X POST http://localhost:9090/-/reload
得: Sloth 生多窗多燃率告警,記錄規則評估成,合成錯注入觸發告警。
敗:
yamllint slos/user-api.yml 驗 YAMLcurl http://localhost:9090/api/v1/rules於 Grafana 見 SLO 遵守+預算耗用。
Grafana 儀板 JSON(節錄):
{
"dashboard": {
"title": "SLO Dashboard - User API",
"panels": [
{
"type": "stat",
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)
要視指標:
誤差預算政策儀板(markdown 面板):
## Error Budget Policy
**Current Status**: 78% budget remaining
### If Error Budget > 50%
- ✅ Full speed ahead on new features
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)
得: 儀板示實時 SLO 遵守,預算耗用可見,團可據以決功能速度。
敗:
curl http://localhost:9090/api/v1/rules | jq '.data.groups[].rules[] | select(.name | contains("slo:"))'定組織級預算管理流程。
政策模:
service: user-api
slo:
availability: 99.9%
latency_p99: 200ms
window: 30 days
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)
自動政策執行:
# Example: Deployment gate script
import requests
import sys
def check_error_budget(service):
# Query Prometheus for error budget
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)
入 CI/CD:
# .github/workflows/deploy.yml
jobs:
check-error-budget:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Check SLO Error Budget
run: |
python scripts/check_error_budget.py user-api
- name: Deploy
if: success()
run: |
kubectl apply -f deploy/
得: 政策明錄,自動門防預算耗時險部署,團可靠優先一致。
敗:
setup-prometheus-monitoringconfigure-alerting-rulesbuild-grafana-dashboardswrite-incident-runbook