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name: fungi-identification locale: wenyan source_locale: en source_commit: 82c77053 fence_basis_commit: 82c77053 translator: "Julius Brussee homage — caveman" translation_date: "2026-04-24" description: > Field identification of fungi using morphological features, spore prints, habitat analysis, and seasonal context with a safety-first approach. Covers cap, gill, stem, and spore characteristics, look-alike differentiation, toxicity risk assessment, and the critical rule of absolute certainty before consumption. Use when encountering an unknown fungus, foraging for edible mushrooms and needing to confirm species before consumption, assessing whether fungi in a garden or property are harmful, or differentiating an edible species from a dangerous look-alike. license: MIT allowed-tools: Read metadata: author: Philipp Thoss version: "1.0" domain: mycology complexity: advanced language: natural tags: mycology, fungi, mushroom, identification, foraging, safety, spore-print

真菌之識

以形態、孢子印、生境、時令野外識真菌，安全為先。

用時

• 遇未知真菌而欲識之
• 採食用菇而食前須確定種
• 欲察園中或所屬地之真菌是否有害
• 以結構化觀察練習野識能
• 欲別食用種於危險相似種

入

• 必要：標本或原地清觀之菌
• 必要：能察細形態（冠、褶、柄、基）
• 可選：該區之野外指南或參考
• 可選：孢子印用紙與玻璃
• 可選：刀以察橫斷
• 可選：手鏡（10x）觀細節

法

第一步：根本之規

識前，內化真菌學之絕對規。

CARDINAL RULE:
If you are not 100% certain of the identification, DO NOT EAT IT.

There is no "universal edibility test" for mushrooms.
Some deadly species taste pleasant.
Some deadly species have delayed symptoms (24-72 hours).
Some deadly species have NO antidote.

The cost of a false positive (eating a misidentified mushroom) is
organ failure and death. The cost of a false negative (skipping an
edible mushroom) is a missed meal.

ALWAYS ERR TOWARD CAUTION.

得： 識前根本之規已內化。

敗則： 此步無敗模式。規未內化者，勿繼為食用之野識。

第二步：記生境

未觸標本前，語境已縮識範。

Habitat Recording:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Factor             | Record                                   |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Substrate          | Soil, wood (dead/living), dung, leaf      |
|                    | litter, moss, other fungi                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Tree association   | What trees are within 10m? (Many fungi    |
|                    | are mycorrhizal with specific tree genera)|
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Moisture           | Dry, damp, wet, waterlogged              |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Light              | Full shade, dappled, open                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Season             | Early spring, late spring, summer, early  |
|                    | autumn, late autumn, winter              |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Altitude           | Lowland, mid-altitude, montane           |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Growth pattern     | Solitary, scattered, clustered, ring,    |
|                    | shelf/bracket                            |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

得： 生境記完整，為種級識供語境。

敗則： 若生境不明（如混植都市園），記所見。生境資料缺減識信心——納入安全評估。

第三步：察形態

系統察標本自身。

Morphological Checklist:

CAP (Pileus):
- Shape: convex, flat, concave, conical, umbonate, bell-shaped
- Diameter (measure or estimate)
- Surface: smooth, scaly, fibrous, slimy, dry, cracked
- Colour (note if colour changes with age or moisture)
- Margin: smooth, striate, inrolled, appendiculate (veil remnants)

GILLS / PORES / SPINES (Hymenium):
- Type: gills (lamellae), pores (tubes), spines (teeth), smooth
- Attachment: free, adnexed, adnate, decurrent
- Spacing: crowded, close, distant
- Colour (important — note changes with age)
- Bruising: do gills change colour when damaged?

STEM (Stipe):
- Height and diameter
- Shape: equal, tapered, bulbous, club-shaped
- Surface: smooth, fibrous, scaly, reticulate (netted)
- Interior: solid, hollow, stuffed (pithy center)
- Ring (annulus): present/absent, position, persistent/fragile
- Volva (cup at base): present/absent — ALWAYS check by
  carefully excavating the base (Amanita species have a volva)

FLESH (Context):
- Colour when cut
- Colour change on exposure to air (note time to change)
- Texture: firm, brittle, fibrous, gelatinous
- Smell: mushroomy, anise, radish, flour, chlorine, unpleasant
- Taste: (ONLY if species is confirmed non-deadly by an expert;
  for unknown species, DO NOT taste)

SPORE PRINT:
- Remove the stem; place the cap gill-side down on paper
  (half white, half dark paper to see any colour)
- Cover with a glass or bowl to maintain humidity
- Wait 4-12 hours
- Record spore colour: white, cream, pink, brown, purple-brown,
  black, rust-orange

得： 形態描述完備，涵諸要徵。

敗則： 徵不可察（如未見環，或已失），記為「未察」非「無」。此別於識要緊。

第四步：以多重確認識

交叉比對所有資料與參考。

Identification Protocol:
1. Use habitat + season to narrow to likely genera
2. Use cap shape + gill type + spore colour to narrow to species group
3. Check ALL features against the candidate species description
4. Specifically check against dangerous look-alikes:
   - Does this species have a deadly doppelganger?
   - What feature distinguishes the edible from the deadly?
   - Can I see that distinguishing feature clearly?

Confidence Levels:
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Level    | Criteria                  | Action                    |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Certain  | All features match; no    | Safe to collect (for      |
|          | look-alike confusion;     | experienced identifiers)  |
|          | experienced with species  |                           |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Probable | Most features match;      | DO NOT eat. Collect for   |
|          | one or two uncertain;     | further study (spore      |
|          | look-alike eliminated     | print, expert review)     |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Possible | Some features match;      | DO NOT eat. Photograph    |
|          | look-alike not fully      | and seek expert opinion   |
|          | eliminated                |                           |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Unknown  | Cannot narrow to species  | DO NOT eat. DO NOT        |
|          |                          | handle extensively        |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+

得： 種級識附明確信心與相似種評估。

敗則： 若識止於屬級，學習目的可。為食用，唯種級「確定」方納。

驗

• 識前已承認根本之規
• 察標本前已記生境
• 形態皆系統察
• 已掘基察菌托
• 若時允取孢子印
• 危險相似種已顯察並排除
• 信心誠實評
• 唯「確定」識方納為食用

陷

• 單徵以憑：僅色而曰「似雞油菌」。真雞油菌有假褶（脊）、長於樹旁土、有杏香。偽雞油菌與南瓜燈菇共色，他徵皆異
• 略基察：未掘基則失菌托——識死亡鵝膏（死帽、毀天使）最要徵也
• 盲信應用：AI 菇識應用於相似種誤率高。始起點可，確認非也
• 謂「常=安」：多非示可食。致命種或地多
• 嚐未知：有真菌學家以嚐為診具，然此須專家知何種可嚐。非專家勿嚐未知菌
• 忽遲毒：有種（如鵝膏屬 phalloides）味佳症遲。症現（24-48 時）肝損已重

參

• mushroom-cultivation — 種已知種可全免識之險
• forage-plants — 互補野識能；共多徵確認法