---

name: build-grafana-dashboards locale: wenyan source_locale: en source_commit: 82c77053 fence_basis_commit: 82c77053 translator: "Julius Brussee homage — caveman" translation_date: "2026-04-19" description: > Create production-ready Grafana dashboards with reusable panels, template variables, annotations, and provisioning for version-controlled dashboard deployment. Use when creating visual representations of Prometheus, Loki, or other data source metrics, building operational dashboards for SRE teams, migrating from manual dashboard creation to version-controlled provisioning, or establishing executive-level SLO compliance reporting. license: MIT allowed-tools: Read Write Edit Bash Grep Glob metadata: author: Philipp Thoss version: "1.0" domain: observability complexity: intermediate language: multi tags: grafana, dashboards, visualization, panels, provisioning

建 Grafana 之盤

設而交 Grafana 之盤，循可維、可復、受版控之善法。

用時

• 建 Prometheus、Loki 或他源度量之視
• 為 SRE 隊與事故應者建運之盤
• 立 SLO 合之執行級報
• 自手建之盤遷於版控之供
• 以模變跨隊規盤之佈
• 建自概至詳之下鑽

入

• 必要：源設（Prometheus、Loki、Tempo 等）
• 必要：欲視之度量或日誌及其詢模
• 可選：多服或多境視之模變
• 可選：現盤 JSON 為遷或改
• 可選：事件關之注詢（交、事故）

法

全設檔與範見 Extended Examples。

第一步：設盤之構

建板之前，規盤之佈與組。

作盤之規檔：

# Service Overview Dashboard

## Purpose
Real-time operational view for on-call engineers monitoring the API service.

## Rows
1. High-Level Metrics (collapsed by default)
   - Request rate, error rate, latency (RED metrics)
   - Service uptime, instance count
2. Detailed Metrics (expanded by default)
   - Per-endpoint latency breakdown
   - Error rate by status code
   - Database connection pool status
3. Resource Utilization
   - CPU, memory, disk usage per instance
   - Network I/O rates
4. Logs (collapsed by default)
   - Recent errors from Loki
   - Alert firing history

## Variables
- `environment`: production, staging, development
- `instance`: all instances or specific instance selection
- `interval`: aggregation window (5m, 15m, 1h)

## Annotations
- Deployment events from CI/CD system
- Alert firing/resolving events

要設之律：

• 最要者先：要度量居上，詳在下
• 時段一致：諸板同步時
• 下鑽徑：自概至詳之連
• 響應佈：用行與板寬合諸屏

得： 盤構已錄，利者於度量與佈之先同。

敗則：

• 行盤設之審於末用者（SRE、開者）
• 較之於業準（USE、RED、四金信）
• 察隊中現盤之一致模式

第二步：以模變建盤

以可復之篩變建盤之基。

建盤 JSON 構（或於 UI 作後出）：

{
  "dashboard": {
    "title": "API Service Overview",
    "uid": "api-service-overview",
    "version": 1,
    "timezone": "browser",
    "editable": true,
    "graphTooltip": 1,
    "time": {
      "from": "now-6h",
      "to": "now"
    },
    "refresh": "30s",
    "templating": {
      "list": [
        {
          "name": "environment",
          "type": "query",
          "datasource": "Prometheus",
          "query": "label_values(up{job=\"api-service\"}, environment)",
          "multi": false,
          "includeAll": false,
          "refresh": 1,
          "sort": 1,
          "current": {
            "selected": false,
            "text": "production",
            "value": "production"
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "instance",
          "type": "query",
          "datasource": "Prometheus",
          "query": "label_values(up{job=\"api-service\",environment=\"$environment\"}, instance)",
          "multi": true,
          "includeAll": true,
          "refresh": 1,
          "allValue": ".*",
          "current": {
            "selected": true,
            "text": "All",
            "value": "$__all"
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "interval",
          "type": "interval",
          "options": [
            {"text": "1m", "value": "1m"},
            {"text": "5m", "value": "5m"},
            {"text": "15m", "value": "15m"},
            {"text": "1h", "value": "1h"}
          ],
          "current": {
            "text": "5m",
            "value": "5m"
          },
          "auto": false
        }
      ]
    },
    "annotations": {
      "list": [
        {
          "name": "Deployments",
          "datasource": "Prometheus",
          "enable": true,
          "expr": "changes(app_version{job=\"api-service\",environment=\"$environment\"}[5m]) > 0",
          "step": "60s",
          "iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
          "tagKeys": "version"
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

變類與用例：

• 詢變：自源之動列（label_values()、query_result()）
• 間變：詢之聚窗
• 自訂變：非度量擇之靜列
• 常變：跨板之共值（源名、閾）
• 文變：自由輸之篩

得： 變自源正填，串聯篩行（境篩實例），默擇合。

敗則：

• 於 Prometheus UI 獨試變詢
• 察環依（A 依 B 依 A）
• 驗多擇變中 allValue 之正則
• 察變重整設（盤載時 vs 時段變時）

第三步：建視之板

為各度量以合視類建板。

時序板（請率）：

{
  "type": "timeseries",
  "title": "Request Rate",
  "gridPos": {"h": 8, "w": 12, "x": 0, "y": 0},
  "targets": [
    {
      "expr": "sum(rate(http_requests_total{job=\"api-service\",environment=\"$environment\",instance=~\"$instance\"}[$interval])) by (method)",
      "legendFormat": "{{method}}",
      "refId": "A"
    }
  ],
  "fieldConfig": {
    "defaults": {
      "unit": "reqps",
      "color": {
        "mode": "palette-classic"
      },
      "custom": {
        "drawStyle": "line",
        "lineInterpolation": "smooth",
        "fillOpacity": 10,
        "spanNulls": true
      },
      "thresholds": {
        "mode": "absolute",
        "steps": [
          {"value": null, "color": "green"},
          {"value": 1000, "color": "yellow"},
          {"value": 5000, "color": "red"}
        ]
      }
    }
  },
  "options": {
    "tooltip": {
      "mode": "multi",
      "sort": "desc"
    },
    "legend": {
      "displayMode": "table",
      "placement": "right",
      "calcs": ["mean", "max", "last"]
    }
  }
}

Stat 板（錯率）：

{
  "type": "stat",
  "title": "Error Rate",
  "gridPos": {"h": 4, "w": 6, "x": 12, "y": 0},
  "targets": [
    {
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)

Heatmap 板（延分佈）：

{
  "type": "heatmap",
  "title": "Request Duration Heatmap",
  "gridPos": {"h": 8, "w": 12, "x": 0, "y": 8},
  "targets": [
    {
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)

板擇之引：

• 時序：時之趨（率、計、久）
• Stat：一當值附閾色
• Gauge：百分值（CPU、記、盤用）
• Bar gauge：某刻諸值較
• Heatmap：值於時之分（延百分位）
• Table：諸度量之詳
• Logs：Loki 之原日誌附篩

得： 板正渲染資料，視合度量類，圖例清述，閾顯題。

敗則：

• 於 Explore 以同時段與變試詢
• 察度量名誤或標篩誤
• 驗聚函合度量類（計數用 rate，儀用 avg）
• 察單位設（字節、秒、請/秒）
• 啟「Show query inspector」以調空果

第四步：設行與佈

組板於可折之行以邏集。

{
  "panels": [
    {
      "type": "row",
      "title": "High-Level Metrics",
      "collapsed": false,
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)

佈善法：

• 格廿四寬，各板指 w（寬）與 h（高）
• 用行集相關板，默折次要區
• 最要度量居首見區（y=0-8）
• 行內板高一致（典四、八、十二）
• 時序用全寬（24），較用半寬（12）

得： 盤佈邏組，行正折展，板視合無隙。

敗則：

• 驗 gridPos 不疊
• 察行板陣含板（非 null）
• 驗 y 座下頁邏增
• 用 Grafana UI「Edit JSON」察格位

第五步：加鏈與下鑽

建相關盤間之航徑。

盤級 JSON 鏈：

{
  "links": [
    {
      "title": "Service Details",
      "type": "link",
      "icon": "external link",
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)

板級資料鏈：

{
  "fieldConfig": {
    "defaults": {
      "links": [
        {
          "title": "View Logs for ${__field.labels.instance}",
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)

鏈之變：

• $service、$environment：盤模變
• ${__field.labels.instance}：所點之標值
• ${__from}、${__to}：當盤時段
• $__url_time_range：URL 之編時段

得： 點板元或盤鏈航至相視，脈（時段、變）保。

敗則：

• 詢參中特字 URL 編
• 以諸變擇試鏈（All vs 特值）
• 驗標盤 UID 存而可取
• 察 includeVars 與 keepTime 旗如期行

第六步：設盤之供

版控盤如碼以可復之交。

建供目構：

mkdir -p /etc/grafana/provisioning/{dashboards,datasources}

源供（/etc/grafana/provisioning/datasources/prometheus.yml）：

apiVersion: 1

datasources:
  - name: Prometheus
    type: prometheus
    access: proxy
# ... (see EXAMPLES.md for complete configuration)

盤供（/etc/grafana/provisioning/dashboards/default.yml）：

apiVersion: 1

providers:
  - name: 'default'
    orgId: 1
    folder: 'Services'
    type: file
    disableDeletion: false
    updateIntervalSeconds: 30
    allowUiUpdates: true
    options:
      path: /var/lib/grafana/dashboards
      foldersFromFilesStructure: true

盤 JSON 置 /var/lib/grafana/dashboards/：

/var/lib/grafana/dashboards/
├── api-service/
│   ├── overview.json
│   └── details.json
├── database/
│   └── postgres.json
└── infrastructure/
    ├── nodes.json
    └── kubernetes.json

以 Docker Compose：

version: '3.8'
services:
  grafana:
    image: grafana/grafana:10.2.0
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    volumes:
      - ./grafana/provisioning:/etc/grafana/provisioning
      - ./grafana/dashboards:/var/lib/grafana/dashboards
    environment:
      - GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD=admin
      - GF_USERS_ALLOW_SIGN_UP=false
      - GF_AUTH_ANONYMOUS_ENABLED=true
      - GF_AUTH_ANONYMOUS_ORG_ROLE=Viewer

得： 盤於 Grafana 啟時自動載，JSON 變於更間後反映，版控蹤盤之變。

敗則：

• 察 Grafana 日誌：docker logs grafana | grep -i provisioning
• 驗 JSON 語：python -m json.tool dashboard.json
• 確檔權令 Grafana 可讀：chmod 644 *.json
• 以 allowUiUpdates: false 試，防 UI 改
• 驗供設：curl http://localhost:3000/api/admin/provisioning/dashboards/reload -X POST -H "Authorization: Bearer $GRAFANA_API_KEY"

驗

• 盤於 Grafana UI 載無錯
• 諸模變以預值填
• 變串聯行（擇境篩實例）
• 板於設時段顯資料
• 板詢正用變（無硬值）
• 閾合顯題態
• 圖例格清不雜
• 注現於相關事件
• 鏈航至正盤而脈保
• 盤自 JSON 檔供（版控）
• 響應佈行於異屏
• 提示與懸互供有用脈

陷

• 變不更板：確詢用 $variable 之語，勿硬值。察變重整設
• 詢正而板空：驗時段含資料點。察採間 vs 聚窗（5m 率須 >5m 之資料）
• 圖例冗：用 legendFormat 只示相關標，非全度量名。例：{{method}} - {{status}} 非默
• 時段不一：立盤時同步令諸板共同時窗。用「Sync cursor」為關察
• 性題：避返高基之詢（>1000）。用記律或預聚。貴詢限時段
• 盤偏：無供，手 UI 改生版衝。生用 allowUiUpdates: false
• 缺資料鏈：資鏈須確標名。慎用 ${__field.labels.labelname}，驗標存於詢果
• 注過載：注太多亂視。按要篩注或用別注軌

參

• setup-prometheus-monitoring - 設 Grafana 之 Prometheus 源
• configure-log-aggregation - 設 Loki 為日板詢與日基注
• define-slo-sli-sla - 以 Grafana stat 與 gauge 視 SLO 合與錯預
• instrument-distributed-tracing - 自度量板加 trace ID 鏈於 Tempo trace 視