技能创建器
skill-creator
创建、改进和评估自定义技能,把专业流程转化为可重复使用的 AI 能力。
sw-genre-anatomy【数据与研究】Genre anatomy from John Truby's The Anatomy of Genres (类型解剖 / 类型节拍 / 混合类型 / 超越类型) — genres as beat systems with a life philosophy underneath; three rules (hit every beat of your genre, mix three or four genres, transcend the primary genre), the ladder and families of twelve genres (Horror 恐怖, Action 动作, Myth 神话, Memoir and Coming-of-Age 回忆录与成长, Scien…
独立 GitHub 快照 · 自动分类 · 以原作者文档为准
输出语言=提问语言;术语一律锚回原词,见 sw-workflow/terms.md 第九节,不自创译名。类型名与节拍名保留英文,首次出现括注中文。
本 skill 提炼自约翰·特鲁比《The Anatomy of Genres: How Story Forms Explain the Way the World Works》(2022)。它与同作者的 sw-truby-anatomy(七大关键步骤、22 步骤)是一对:那一个管故事的骨架,这一个管类型层,即某个类型要求在骨架上再打到哪些拍、主角对手世界该长什么样、几个类型怎么混、怎么超出类型本身。节拍全表、技巧、子节拍组见 reference.md,逐拍作品拆解见 reference-cases.md。
| 任务 | 读 | 跳过 |
|---|---|---|
| 定主类型、判断"我其实在写哪个类型" | 一、二、十七 | 三到十四 |
| 写某个类型,要它的节拍和硬规则 | 一之三(总表)+对应的那一节,全表转 reference.md | 其余类型节 |
| 混合两到四个类型 | 一之一(Rule 2)、十五,再读涉及的类型节 | 十六 |
| 稿子"合格但平庸",要出头 | 十六,再读对应类型节的"超越"一行 | 十五 |
| 诊断一份已有的类型片稿 | 十七,再读对应类型节的"硬规则" | 一、二 |
| 剧集项目 | 二之四、八(季级道德序列)、十一(凡人史诗) | 其余按需 |
Myth 家族(Myth, Action, Western);Crime 家族(Detective, Crime, Thriller, Gangster);Speculative 家族(Horror, Science Fiction, Fantasy)。同家族混合顺手但不新,跨家族更容易出新。
特鲁比按"主角要克服的首要缺陷、人生哲学的品质、探索的艺术形式"把类型排成一架"启蒙阶梯",每章末尾说这个类型缺什么、下一级补什么。用法:主角的首要缺陷决定你其实在写哪个类型。写着 Action 却让主角克服"不会爱",主题已跳到 Love。
| 类型 | 根本关切 | 人生哲学(原文) | 主角核心弱点 | 对手 | 情节形状 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Horror | Religion | Confront death and face your ghosts from the past. | 心智被奴役:二元思维、根本恐惧、不可告人的欲望,加羞耻与内疚 | monster,主角的 double | linear |
| Action | Success | 90 percent of success is taking action. | 耻感文化里的暴力意志,只会独自战斗 | nemesis,第二强的战士 | linear,最快 |
| Myth | The Life Process | Seek immortality by finding your destiny in this life. | 失父,需要"成为英雄"而不自知 | 接连出现的陌生人 | meander |
| Memoir / Coming-of-Age | Creating the Self | Examine your life to create your true self. | 家庭伤害长出的羞耻内疚;bad faith 自欺 | 家人或群体成员 | storyteller structure |
| Science Fiction | Science, Society, Culture | Make the right choices now to ensure a better future for all. | unevolved,"何为人"上有缺陷 | authorities,系统本身 | branching |
| Crime | Morality and Justice | Protect the weak and bring the guilty to justice. | 警察:穷、平庸、孤独;罪犯:自认高于法律 | super criminal | linear |
| Comedy | Manners and Morals | Success comes when you strip away all facades and show others who you really are. | comic gap,自以为酷的 bumbler | 有 pretense 的权威 | linear(Comic Myth 用 meander,Black Comedy 用 branching) |
| Western | Rise and Fall of Civilization | When you help others make a home, you create a civilization where everyone is free. | 极端个体主义的孤独+耻感 | 同一种人:bad cowboy | linear(Anti-Western 用 rise and fall) |
| Gangster | Corruption of Business and Politics | Don't be enslaved by absolute power and money or you will pay the ultimate price. | 极端野心+隔间化的道德码 | 六角同时开火 | rise and fall |
| Fantasy | The Art of Living | Discover the magic in yourself that makes life itself an art form. | repressed and blinded,不会玩 | 掌管系统的威权父亲/母亲 | meander / branching |
| Detective / Thriller | The Mind and the Truth | Look for the truth and assign guilt in spite of the danger. | 视角有限、从无知开始;Thriller 再加易受伤害 | 藏在嫌疑人里的凶手 | spiral / frames / Chinese boxes |
| Love | The Art of Happiness | Learning how to love is the key to happiness. | 不会爱 | lover 本人 | linear(多线用 branching-in) |
sw-industry-business 三)按"讲的是什么"分,特鲁比十四类型按"节拍系统与人生哲学"分,不互斥:屋里有怪物≈Horror 的封闭空间,金羊毛≈Myth 的旅程,伙伴情谊≈Action 的 Buddy Story。先用斯奈德定位"讲的是什么",再用本 skill 查"要打哪些拍"。sw-korean-french-screenwriting 二)与特鲁比"twist the beats"并排保留:崔说的是观众承诺不能违约(喜剧笑点不能断),特鲁比说的是打满节拍的前提下改做法。两者相容:不删节拍,但每一拍可换顺序或换做法。商业类型片先守崔,稿子平庸再用特鲁比。sw-truby-anatomy 的七大步骤是本 skill 的底座,七步在各类型中的映射表见 reference.md 一。本 skill 不重写七步和 22 步,道德议题链的通用做法在那边第七节,这里只写 Crime 的 Morality 八拍与各类型的变体。sw-series-structure,story-type 走 sw-series-engine-bible 五。一句话:"a unique monster relentlessly pursue a victim",把观众逼进越来越小的盒子直到埋进土里。关键问题:What is human and what is inhuman?
模板:主角是 victim,两种起法(高处坠落;普通好人误入,开头先写得 intensely human)。对手是 monster,"Other-in-the-Extreme",同时是主角的 double。盟友是 Rational Skeptic,替观众怀疑。世界是鬼屋与封闭社会,"the flawed mind made physical"。形状 linear。
节拍:15 拍,全表与技巧见 reference.md 二。
硬规则:
超越:Horror/Myth 得 Religion 五拍;Horror/SF Epic 做 hero 与 monster 的结构翻转("We are the monster"),格局放大到社会政治宇宙层面。
边界:基本 Horror 结尾是 No Self-Revelation 加 Double Ending;想给主角揭露,必须走超越路线。
一句话:"life is about doing well, not doing good",主角是 fighter,"You win or you die"。关键问题:Fight or flee?
模板:主角靠 will to greatness 驱动,弱点来自优点(独自战斗最强,因此进不了社群)。对手是 nemesis,"the second-best fighter and the character best able to attack the hero's biggest internal flaw"。世界是陷入危险的社群,竞技场分 enclosure(堡垒,压力锅)与 chase(追逐,速度但泄压)。形状 linear,所有类型里最快。
节拍:16 拍,全表与技巧见 reference.md 三。
硬规则:
超越:"Showing loss is the main way writers transcend the Action form."扩大规模成 Action Epic/War(11 拍,对手必须有可辩护的价值观,纯恶对手"always a mistake");抽象化成 Caper 与 Sports(11 拍)。
边界:Crime 管正义,Action 管输赢;Thriller 找对手,Action 打对手。
一句话:"life is a journey in which one's ultimate goal is to understand oneself",终点是发现自己生来要做什么,"destiny is life's version of immortality"。
模板:主角是 Searcher,弱点由 archetype 的 shadow 加失父决定,"Becoming a hero is a need, not a specific, conscious desire"。对手是 Successive Strangers,每个对应主角要克服的一面。盟友常是 Teacher。世界是自然世界加两种互为反面的文化,"the most important major story element in the Myth form"。形状 meander。
节拍:16 拍,全表、七步造世界、archetype 表、符号表见 reference.md 四。
硬规则:
超越:Creation Myth/Myth-SF Epic(写意识与文化的创造);Female Myth("the Male Myth is about divide and conquer, while the Female Myth is about combine and grow":多次重生、盟友各有找回之旅、可无暴力决战、揭露可纯个人);Ecological Myth。
边界:Monomyth(英雄之旅)只是 universal male warrior Myth 的子形式,推广到所有主角是窄化。
一句话:"Memoir and Coming-of-Age are the nonfiction and fiction story forms of the individual's journey to create the self." Memoir 主角是"the detective of her own life"。
模板:Memoir 主角带家庭伤害的伤口,"The wound is not the weakness. Weakness is the internal flaw that grows from that wound",须同时列心理与道德弱点。对手是家人或像家人的群体,爱恨交织,底下要有一个没人看见的奴役系统。形状 Storyteller Structure(现在时一个事件触发回忆,回忆不可逆地引回现在)。Coming-of-Age 主角开头处在 bad faith(自欺、怪别人、照别人期待活)。
节拍:Memoir 15 拍,Coming-of-Age 两拍加九个自我阶段,见 reference.md 五。
硬规则:
超越:Myth/Drama(每一场 drama 配三到四场 Myth,藏起 Myth 底本,带家人上路);Personal Myth;社会分形(匹配主角、家庭/机构、社区的兴衰)。
边界:Coming-of-Age 通常只做"孩子到成人","成人到领袖"属于 Myth。真实人物题材先走 sw-workflow 的授权与改编四问。
一句话:"Science Fiction is concerned with how to create society, and in particular, how to create a better society",几乎总从反面写:现在这样选下去会得到的 dystopia。
模板:主角是 unevolved,弱点落在"何为人"上,"connect the hero's lack of evolution with the planet's lack of evolution"。对手是 authorities,第四阶段里是系统本身。次要角色(普通人、物种、机器人)是造社会的首要部件。世界三层建:Rules of the Universe → Society-Culture → Über Tech。形状 branching,向 vortex point 收束。
节拍:10 拍(作者自认"最宽泛松散"的类型),全表与社会四阶段表见 reference.md 六。
硬规则:
超越:SF/Myth Epic(岛屿实验室);SF/Horror Epic 即 dystopia,加一个隐藏的底层奴役系统和一个注定自毁的有缺陷物种。"If you want to write a popular Science Fiction story, your best bet is to write it as a space Western."
一句话:"people who break the law and those who catch them",前提是人人权利平等;关键问题:"Who is allowed to live above the law?"
模板:警察主角是 master cop,普通人但活得比谁都深,穷、平庸、孤独,却最信社会的价值(原型是《罪与罚》的 Porfiry)。对手是 super criminal,自认高人一等。两者互为镜像,"both cop and criminal are the best at their respective jobs, and both are equal in ability"。形状 linear。
节拍:14 拍,加 Morality 八拍与经典道德准则,见 reference.md 七。
硬规则:
超越:Epic Crime Tragedy 与 Crime Black Comedy,共用 Morality 八拍与"道德准则三落点"(开头价值、中段手段、结尾决定)。
边界:Action 从个人出发讲优越,Crime 从社会出发讲平等,主题相反。
一句话:"Laughter occurs when someone is reduced instantaneously from high ideal to low real, but not too much." 三种跌落:animal、child、machine。"Comedy is the only form that works by undercutting every beat of the Story Code."
模板:主角是 bumbler 且不自知,"she thinks she's cool";第一步造 comic gap(high 是 pretense,low 是 weakness)。对手必须有 pretense,"Without pretense he is simply powerful and cannot be dropped",要 menacing but not deadly。人物按九种喜剧类型配 high/low/需求。形状 linear。
节拍:11 拍,加九型表、Black Comedy 10 拍、Satire 13 拍,见 reference.md 八。
硬规则:
超越:Black Comedy(无人有揭露,幸存者立刻继续追同一目标)与 Satire(至少三个对手:同层、顶端、竞争体系)。
边界:笑点力学与半小时结构走 sw-sitcom-comedy。跌落不能太深,观众真看到死亡喜剧语调就碎,Black Comedy 例外。
一句话:"a wandering cowboy fights criminals trying to stop people from building their homes out of the wilderness";牛仔"can lead his people to the promised land, but can never enter it himself"。
模板:类型独有的双主角:primary hero 是 cowboy,secondary hero 是 farmer。牛仔的欲望是离开文明,保护建造者是顺带的、也是自毁的。对手是同一种人,"the moral gunfighter versus the immoral gunfighter",攻击的弱点是耻感文化和不愿杀人。世界是"a fragile community in its infancy",技术是神圣符号(马、栅栏、六发枪、警徽)。形状 linear。
节拍:13 拍,加 showdown 仪式配方与 Anti-Western 7 拍,见 reference.md 九。
硬规则:
超越:只有 Anti-Western 一条路。作者判定经典 Western"artistically a dead form walking",现存形态是 Space Western。
边界:Western 之后分出三个"儿子":Anti-Western、Detective、Gangster。西部片案例见 sw-american-case-studies 一。
一句话:"Every story of a bad king is a gangster story."社会本身是罪犯;黑帮分子是进城变成罪犯的牛仔,方向从"向西"改成"向上"。
模板:主角是团伙头目兼杀手,"the killer who loves his family",心理与道德矛盾都比任何类型主角更重,道德码高度隔间化。对手六角同时开火:帮主、家族整体、同帮竞争者、警察、敌对家族、亲兄弟。世界是腐败之城,组织即奴役(终身债务、退出即死)。形状 rise and fall。
节拍:14 拍,加超越型 13 拍,见 reference.md 十。
硬规则:
sw-truby-anatomy 里"盟友的攻击、道德抉择"两步的类型例外。超越:Gangster Epic(Epic of the Everyman:让"民主里的王"的家事映照国家命运,《黑道家族》《广告狂人》);Eastern(负向 Rags to Riches);Economic-Political Epic。写商业政治题材:先定三组对立(卖方对买方、创业者对公司、老板对工人)如何交织,绝不把商业与政治分开写;主角要有"need becomes greed"的时刻;广告本身按七步骤当故事写。
一句话:"a repressed hero explores a heaven or hell",序列固定为 A(平庸世界的弱点)→ B(挑战主角的奇幻世界)→ A2(主角与平庸世界都已改变)。"Fantasy is mainly about being someone more."
模板:主角是 Explorer,弱点 repressed and blinded。对手是掌管系统的威权父亲/母亲,对手自己要有松开规矩的揭露。世界是双竞技场,"The success of any Fantasy depends mainly on the quality of the story world"。形状 meander 或 branching。
节拍:12 拍,加故事世界八步与 Social Fantasy 三形态,见 reference.md 十一。
硬规则:
超越:Social Fantasy 三种:Traveling Angel(被帮助者拿弱点与揭露,天使拿欲望与计划);Paradise on Earth(从表面乌托邦走向真实乌托邦);Fantasy Political Epic(同镇双版本,"comparing who each minor character becomes under different leaders and value systems";锦标赛结构)。
一句话:Detective 把七大步骤里的对手藏到最后,"forces the detective and the reader to solve the puzzle together",因此"has the most complex plot of any genre story"。Thriller 是"a form of Detective story in which the investigator is in mortal danger"。
模板:侦探是 searcher 加 magician,"a person whose every job begins in ignorance";系列侦探是 traveling angel 没有弱点,单部进阶作品才给严重弱点。对手是藏在嫌疑人中的凶手,争的是"谁的故事被相信",攻击侦探那一个大弱点应写进对手的原始计划(《迷魂记》的恐高症);对手的缺陷是 hubris。Thriller 主角是非专业人士,必须有让她易受人身伤害的弱点,且 ghost 匹配对手的罪但更轻。形状 spiral、frames、Chinese boxes。
节拍:Detective 20 拍,Thriller 10 拍差异做法,见 reference.md 十二。
硬规则:
超越:Cosmic Detective/Thriller(追踪外部凶手最终导向侦探自己的内部弱点,诗性正义可施于侦探本人);Story of the Mind and Truth(元小说、多视角、不可靠叙述者)。
边界:主角能打、带枪、受过训练,你写的是 Detective 或 Action,不是 Thriller。
一句话:"two people whose attraction and affection cause them to form a 'marriage'",前提是"each person grows through another person";lover 对主角必须是必要的。"This is not a Love story; it's a stalking story"是对"自信男子追美女直到她说 yes"的判词。
模板:两人都不会爱,最好是同一需求的两个变体(Mutual Need),弱点与潜能同时立,潜能必须被对方看见。主对手就是 lover 本人,追求者和家人只是次级对手;真正的内部对手是爱本身(Ghost Cycle:当下持续的怕爱)。盟友是爱情顾问,"almost always wrong"。世界最小是二人心身,另需异域子世界,乌托邦与反乌托邦都要写。形状 linear。
节拍:24 拍,加 True Love 8 拍,见 reference.md 十三。
硬规则:
超越:经典 Love 以婚姻结束,超越型以婚姻开始,"an art form of duration, not crescendo":Tragedy of Traditional Marriage;Comedy of Remarriage("you must come up with something new and deeper about the ex");True Love(decrescendo 八拍,从对立倒推欲望)。
边界:婚后题材仍用求爱的单一目标线,就会退回 courtship 重演。
主类型 | 副类型 | 弃用的拍及理由 | 底层结构 | 主导世界观。打满节拍之后,至少做其中一条:
sw-premise-theme 二)是它的具体版本、反面版本,还是根本没碰?没碰就是合格类型片。各类型超越路线一句话:Horror 做 hero/monster 翻转;Action 写损失;Myth 写文化的创造或 Female Myth;Memoir 用 Myth/Drama 配比;SF 写"既奴役又自由"的社会;Crime 做一生的道德记账;Comedy 做 Black Comedy 或 Satire;Western 倒转成 Anti-Western;Gangster 写凡人史诗;Fantasy 做 Social Fantasy;Detective 让调查导向侦探自己;Love 写婚姻的艺术。
sw-workflow 的接口)何时不用本 skill:契诃夫/小津式反高潮与多主人公项目不套节拍表;戏曲项目不进入;短片与广告按 sw-truby-anatomy 的手风琴原则只走七步,类型节拍按需取一两拍。