---

name: data-schema-registry description: > Use this skill when asked about Schema Registry, Avro, Protobuf, schema evolution, compatibility, Confluent Schema Registry, Apicurio, serialization, deserialization, or schema validation. This skill enforces: Schema Registry architecture and deployment, Avro/Protobuf/JSON Schema definition, compatibility modes (BACKWARD, FORWARD, FULL, NONE), schema evolution best practices, SerDe (serialization/deserialization) patterns, and CI/CD integration for schema governance. Do NOT use for: data contract enforcement, data catalog management, or database schema design. version: "1.1.0" author: "j4flmao" license: "MIT" compatibility: claude-code: true cursor: true codex: true windsurf: true tags: [data, schema, streaming, phase-11]

Data Schema Registry

Purpose

Design and deploy a schema registry with Avro/Protobuf/JSON Schema, compatibility enforcement, SerDe patterns, CI/CD integration, and governance for streaming and batch data.

Agent Protocol

Trigger

Exact user phrases: "Schema Registry", "Avro", "Protobuf", "schema evolution", "compatibility", "Confluent Schema Registry", "Apicurio", "serialization", "deserialization", "schema validation", "subject", "SerDe".

Input Context

• Streaming platform (Kafka, Pulsar, Kinesis)
• Serialization format preference (Avro, Protobuf, JSON Schema)
• Producers and consumers count and languages
• Schema governance maturity level
• CI/CD pipeline structure
• Existing schema management approach

Output Artifact

Schema registry architecture with format selection, compatibility strategy, SerDe configuration, deployment plan, and CI/CD governance integration.

Response Format

# Schema registry deployment
# Avro/Protobuf/JSON schema examples
# Compatibility rules per subject
# SerDe configuration (Kafka + batch)
# CI/CD schema enforcement pipeline

No preamble. No postamble. No explanations. No filler/hedging/transitions. Compress output — why use many token when few do trick.

Completion Criteria

• Schema format selected with rationale
• Schema registry deployed and configured
• Schemas defined for all streaming topics
• Compatibility mode set per subject
• SerDe configured for producers and consumers
• CI/CD pipeline validates schema changes
• Schema governance documented with owner and review process

Max Response Length

350 lines of configuration.

Workflow

Step 1: Select Schema Format

Format	Strengths	Weaknesses	Best For
Avro	Native Kafka/Confluent support, schema evolution, compact binary	Java-centric, limited JSON-like readability	Kafka streaming, Confluent ecosystem
Protobuf	Language-agnostic, fastest serialization, gRPC native	Schema evolution more strict, larger schemas	Cross-language, gRPC services
JSON Schema	Readable, widely understood, web-native	Larger payload, slower parsing	REST APIs, web frontends

Default: Avro for Kafka/Confluent stacks. Protobuf for gRPC + streaming. JSON Schema for REST APIs only.

Step 2: Define Avro Schema

{
  "type": "record", "name": "Order", "namespace": "com.org.data.orders",
  "doc": "Order event schema",
  "fields": [
    {"name": "order_id", "type": "string", "doc": "Unique order identifier"},
    {"name": "customer_id", "type": "string"},
    {"name": "total_amount", "type": "double"},
    {"name": "currency", "type": "string", "default": "USD"},
    {"name": "status", "type": {"type": "enum", "name": "OrderStatus",
      "symbols": ["PENDING", "CONFIRMED", "SHIPPED", "DELIVERED", "CANCELLED"]}},
    {"name": "items", "type": {"type": "array", "items": {
      "type": "record", "name": "LineItem",
      "fields": [
        {"name": "product_id", "type": "string"},
        {"name": "quantity", "type": "int"},
        {"name": "unit_price", "type": "double"}
      ]
    }}},
    {"name": "created_at", "type": {"type": "long", "logicalType": "timestamp-millis"}}
  ]
}

Step 3: Set Compatibility Modes

Mode	Producer Change	Consumer Impact	Use Case
BACKWARD	Can delete fields, add optional	Old consumers read new data	Default for most
FORWARD	Can add fields, delete optional	New consumers read old data	Long-lived consumers
FULL	Add optional fields only	Both directions compatible	Strict governance
NONE	Any change allowed	Consumers must sync	Dev/test only

Step 4: Deploy Schema Registry

services:
  schema-registry:
    image: confluentinc/cp-schema-registry:7.6.0
    ports: ["8081:8081"]
    environment:
      SCHEMA_REGISTRY_KAFKASTORE_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS: PLAINTEXT://kafka:9092
      SCHEMA_REGISTRY_HOST_NAME: schema-registry
      SCHEMA_REGISTRY_COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL: BACKWARD
      SCHEMA_REGISTRY_LISTENERS: http://0.0.0.0:8081
      SCHEMA_REGISTRY_KAFKASTORE_TOPIC: _schemas

Step 5: Configure SerDe

// Kafka Producer — Avro Serde with Schema Registry
props.put(ProducerConfig.KEY_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, KafkaAvroSerializer.class.getName());
props.put(ProducerConfig.VALUE_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, KafkaAvroSerializer.class.getName());
props.put(KafkaAvroSerializerConfig.SCHEMA_REGISTRY_URL_CONFIG, "http://schema-registry:8081");
props.put(KafkaAvroSerializerConfig.AUTO_REGISTER_SCHEMAS, "false");
props.put(KafkaAvroSerializerConfig.USE_LATEST_VERSION, "true");

Step 6: CI/CD Schema Validation

jobs:
  schema-check:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Validate and Check Compatibility
        run: |
          for schema in schemas/**/*.avsc; do
            python scripts/validate_and_register.py \
              --subject "$(basename $schema .avsc)-value" \
              --schema "$schema" --mode BACKWARD
          done
      - name: Register Schema
        if: success() && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
        run: |
          for schema in schemas/**/*.avsc; do
            subject=$(basename "$schema" .avsc)-value
            python scripts/register_schema.py --subject "$subject" --schema "$schema"
          done

Step 7: Schema Evolution Best Practices

Rule	Rationale
Always provide default for new fields	Ensures backward compatibility
Never remove a field without deprecation period	Avoids breaking consumers
Use enum types with care	Adding symbols is backward-safe, removing is not
Key subjects use FULL compatibility	Keys are referenced across topics
Auto-register schemas disabled in production	Prevents accidental schema registration

Step 8: AsyncAPI and JSON Schema

AsyncAPI pairs with Schema Registry by documenting event-driven API message flow with topic names, publish/subscribe patterns, and payload schemas.

Step 9: Buf for Schema Management

Buf enforces Protobuf lint rules and breaking change detection in CI/CD. buf breaking --against .git checks breaking changes against previous commit. Use for gRPC microservices requiring rigorous Protobuf governance.

Step 10: Schema Registry as Source of Truth

The schema registry is the authoritative source for all streaming schemas. Producers must register schemas before writing data. Consumers fetch schemas from registry to deserialize. No schema should be hardcoded in application code — always reference the registry.

Step 11: Multi-Tenant Schema Registry

For organizations with multiple business units, use subject prefix isolation (commerce.orders-value, finance.invoices-value). Each tenant manages its own schemas within its prefix. The platform team manages registry infrastructure. Use Confluent Schema Registry's authorization mechanism with RBAC to isolate tenant access.

Step 12: Schema Migration Strategies

For breaking schema changes that cannot be avoided, follow a multi-step migration:

1. Add new fields with defaults (compatible change) — deploy
2. Allow old and new schemas to coexist (dual-schema period) — 30 days
3. Deprecate old fields (mark as deprecated in schema doc) — notify consumers
4. Remove old fields (breaking change, MAJOR version) — deploy
5. Clean up old schema versions that are no longer referenced

Architecture / Decision Trees

Format Selection

New schema needed
  ├── Kafka/Confluent ecosystem? → Avro
  ├── gRPC services / multi-language? → Protobuf
  ├── REST APIs / web frontends? → JSON Schema
  └── Need both streaming + REST? → Avro for streaming, JSON Schema for REST

Compatibility Mode Selection

Subject type:
  ├── Key → FULL (keys are critical, must never break)
  ├── Value, production → BACKWARD (safe default)
  ├── Value, strict governance → FULL
  ├── Value, CDC/stream consumers → FORWARD
  └── Dev/test → NONE

Registry Deployment Topology

Deployment scale:
  ├── Single team, < 100 subjects → Single instance
  ├── Multi-team, < 1000 subjects → HA cluster (3 nodes)
  ├── Multi-region, < 10000 subjects → Per-registry + replication
  └── Enterprise, global → Multi-registry federation

Common Pitfalls

1. Auto-register schemas in production: a single misconfigured producer can register an incorrect schema. Always set auto.register.schemas = false.
2. Enum removal: removing symbols from an enum is a breaking change. Once data exists with a symbol, it cannot be removed.
3. No default on new fields: adding a required field (no default) breaks backward compatibility. Always provide a default.
4. Schema registry single point of failure: without HA, schema registry downtime blocks producers and consumers. Deploy with replication.
5. Subject naming inconsistency: different teams use different naming conventions. Enforce a standard: <topic_name>-key and <topic_name>-value.
6. Ignoring deleted schema versions: schemas can be deleted but referenced data persists. Use soft-delete or version archiving.
7. Protobuf field number reuse: reusing field numbers breaks wire compatibility. Never reuse old field numbers.
8. No validation before registration: registering invalid schemas pollutes the registry. Validate locally before submitting.
9. Key schema treated same as value: key schemas need stricter compatibility (FULL) because keys are referenced across topics.
10. Not using transitive compatibility: non-transitive only checks against latest version. Transitive checks against all versions.
11. Missing schema evolution documentation: consumers don't know what changed. Maintain a schema changelog with migration notes.

Best Practices

• Enforce schema compatibility checks in CI/CD before merging to main.
• Every schema change requires a review by the schema governance team.
• Schema registry is the source of truth for all streaming schemas.
• Monitor compatibility check failures and broken producers/consumers.
• Use subject prefixes for multi-tenant registries (e.g., commerce.orders-value).
• Archive schemas older than 2 years to reduce registry size.
• Automate schema evolution: add-only for minor versions, deprecation for major.
• Test schema changes with shadow consumers before deploying.
• Maintain a schema changelog for consumer awareness.
• Use transitive compatibility enforcement for critical subjects.
• Pin producer/consumer schema versions for canary deployments.
• Document field semantics with doc attribute in schema definition.
• Use schema references ($ref) for shared types across schemas.
• Set up monitoring for schema registration failures and compatibility check latency.

Compared With

Feature	Confluent SR	Apicurio	Buf Schema Registry
Formats	Avro, Protobuf, JSON	Avro, Protobuf, JSON, GraphQL, OpenAPI	Protobuf only
Compatibility	BACKWARD, FORWARD, FULL, NONE, TRANSITIVE	Same + CUSTOM	Wire + Source compatibility
Deployment	Standalone, Confluent Cloud	Standalone, Red Hat	SaaS, self-hosted
Integrations	Kafka, KSQL, Connect	Kafka, Quarkus, Camel	gRPC, Connect
Governance	Client-side enforcement	Server-side rules	Lint + breaking change rules
Ecosystem	Largest Kafka ecosystem	Cloud-native Java	Protobuf-centric

Schema registry vs data catalog: schema registry focuses on schema storage, compatibility checking, and providing schemas at serialization/deserialization time. Data catalog focuses on metadata management, discovery, and lineage. They are complementary: the schema registry feeds schemas to the catalog, and the catalog provides business context around schemas.

Performance

• Schema registry adds ~5-15ms latency per serialization/deserialization call (cached on client after first fetch).
• Avro binary serialization: 50-200MB/s throughput per core, payload 60-80% smaller than JSON.
• Protobuf serialization: 100-400MB/s throughput per core, payload 70-85% smaller than JSON.
• JSON Schema: 20-50MB/s throughput, payload same size as JSON (or larger with $ref expansion).
• Schema fetch: first request fetches schema from registry (~10ms), subsequent requests use local cache.
• Avro schema resolution: compatible reader/writer schema resolution happens on deserialization, adding ~1-5us per record.
• Registry caching: client-side schema cache with LRU eviction. Configure cache size based on number of subjects.
• Registry throughput: Confluent SR handles 1000+ schema registrations/second on modest hardware.
• Network overhead: schema registry communication adds ~1-2ms per request in the same region, 10-50ms cross-region.
• Global cache invalidation: when schema changes, existing cached schemas remain valid. Only new versions trigger fresh fetch.

Tooling

Tool	Purpose
Confluent Schema Registry	Primary schema registry for Kafka
Apicurio	Alternative registry, multi-format support
Buf	Protobuf linting, breaking change detection, BSR
Avro Tools CLI	Schema validation, code generation
protoc	Protobuf compilation, code generation
AsyncAPI	Event-driven API documentation
Karapace	Open-source schema registry (Kafka-compatible API)
kcat	Kafka command-line tool with schema support
SchemaCrawler	Schema visualization and documentation

Protobuf Schema Definition

syntax = "proto3";
package com.org.data.orders;
import "google/protobuf/timestamp.proto";

message Order {
  string order_id = 1;
  string customer_id = 2;
  repeated LineItem line_items = 3;
  double total_amount = 4;
  Currency currency = 5;
  OrderStatus status = 6;
  google.protobuf.Timestamp created_at = 7;
  google.protobuf.Timestamp updated_at = 8;
  map<string, string> metadata = 9;
  
  message LineItem {
    string product_id = 1;
    int32 quantity = 2;
    double unit_price = 3;
  }
  
  enum Currency {
    CURRENCY_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
    USD = 1;
    EUR = 2;
    GBP = 3;
  }
  
  enum OrderStatus {
    STATUS_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
    PENDING = 1;
    CONFIRMED = 2;
    SHIPPED = 3;
    DELIVERED = 4;
    CANCELLED = 5;
  }
}

JSON Schema Definition

{
  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
  "title": "Order",
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "order_id": { "type": "string", "description": "Unique order identifier" },
    "customer_id": { "type": "string" },
    "line_items": {
      "type": "array",
      "items": {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
          "product_id": { "type": "string" },
          "quantity": { "type": "integer", "minimum": 1 },
          "unit_price": { "type": "number", "minimum": 0 }
        },
        "required": ["product_id", "quantity", "unit_price"]
      }
    },
    "total_amount": { "type": "number", "minimum": 0 },
    "status": { "type": "string", "enum": ["pending", "confirmed", "shipped", "delivered", "cancelled"] },
    "created_at": { "type": "string", "format": "date-time" }
  },
  "required": ["order_id", "customer_id", "total_amount"]
}

Registry Deployment Patterns

# Confluent Schema Registry HA deployment
registry_cluster:
  nodes: 3  # Minimum 3 for quorum-based HA
  storage: "kafka"  # Uses internal Kafka topic _schemas
  replication_factor: 3
  kafka_bootstrap_servers: "broker1:9092,broker2:9092,broker3:9092"
  
  # Multi-datacenter setup
  primary_region: "us-east-1"
  secondary_region: "us-west-2"
  replication:
    type: "active-standby"  # Primary handles writes, standby serves reads
    sync_interval: "5s"     # Schema replication delay
  
  # Security
  ssl:
    enabled: true
    mutual_auth: true  # mTLS for producer/consumer auth
  rbac:
    enabled: true      # Role-based access control
    admin_principal: "schema-admin"

# Apicurio Registry deployment (alternative, multi-format)
apicurio_registry:
  storage: "sql"  # PostgreSQL, SQL Server, or Kafka
  formats: ["AVRO", "PROTOBUF", "JSON_SCHEMA", "ASYNCAPI", "OPENAPI"]
  rules:
    global: ["VALIDITY", "COMPATIBILITY"]
    per_artifact: true
  auth: "keycloak"  # OIDC integration
  ui: true

SerDe Configuration

# Kafka Avro SerDe (Confluent)
kafka_producer_config:
  key.serializer: "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer"
  value.serializer: "io.confluent.kafka.serializers.KafkaAvroSerializer"
  schema.registry.url: "https://schema-registry:8081"
  auto.register.schemas: false
  use.latest.version: true  # Use latest compatible schema version

kafka_consumer_config:
  key.deserializer: "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringDeserializer"
  value.deserializer: "io.confluent.kafka.serializers.KafkaAvroDeserializer"
  schema.registry.url: "https://schema-registry:8081"
  specific.avro.reader: true

# Kafka Protobuf SerDe
kafka_protobuf_producer:
  key.serializer: "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer"
  value.serializer: "io.confluent.kafka.serializers.protobuf.KafkaProtobufSerializer"
  schema.registry.url: "https://schema-registry:8081"

# Batch processing with Avro (Spark)
spark_avro_config:
  spark.sql.avro.compression.codec: "snappy"
  spark.sql.avro.schema.literal: "{\"type\":\"record\",\"name\":\"Order\",...}"  # Or use schema registry

CI/CD Schema Governance

# GitHub Action: validate schema compatibility on PR
schema_validation:
  name: "Validate Schema Change"
  steps:
    - "Extract new schema version from PR diff"
    - "Register in schema registry with compatibility check only (dry-run)"
    - "Validate: compatibility_mode = BACKWARD"
    - "If compatible: merge PR, register new schema version"
    - "If breaking: reject PR, notify producer + consumer owners"
  
  compatibility_rules:
    BACKWARD:
      - "New schema can read data written with old schema"
      - "Allowed: adding optional fields, removing default fields"
      - "Breaking: removing required fields, changing field types"
    FORWARD:
      - "Old schema can read data written with new schema"
      - "Allowed: removing fields, adding default fields"
      - "Breaking: adding required fields"
    FULL:
      - "Both backward and forward compatible"
      - "Most restrictive — use for shared datasets"

  # Example: CI check script
  check_schema_compatibility:
    cli: "curl -X POST https://registry:8081/compatibility/subjects/orders-value/versions \
      -H 'Content-Type: application/vnd.schemaregistry.v1+json' \
      -d '{\"schema\": \"$(cat new_schema.avsc | jq -Rs .)\"}'"

Subject Naming Strategy

subject_naming:
  pattern: "<domain>.<dataset-name>-<key|value>"
  examples:
    - "orders.order-events-value"
    - "inventory.stock-updates-key"
    - "analytics.user-sessions-value"
  
  record_name_strategy:
    # Confluent default: topic-name-value
    # RecordNameStrategy: uses schema record name
    # TopicRecordNameStrategy: topic-name + record name
    use: "TopicRecordNameStrategy"
    rationale: "Allows multiple record types per topic, better for union types"

Schema Migration Workflow

migration_workflow:
  phase_1_propose:
    - "Create new schema version in development branch"
    - "Run compatibility check against latest production version"
    - "Document: what changed, why, expected impact"
    - "Tag with semver change type (MAJOR/MINOR/PATCH)"
  
  phase_2_review:
    - "Notify all topic consumers of upcoming change"
    - "Check consumer compatibility reports"
    - "If BACKWARD compatible: standard review"
    - "If breaking: consumer acceptance required, migration plan needed"
  
  phase_3_deploy:
    - "Register new schema version (not yet default)"
    - "Stage deployment: producers and consumers upgrade gradually"
    - "Phase A: all consumers upgraded to handle new schema (read-compatible)"
    - "Phase B: producers switch to new schema version"
    - "Phase C: old schema deprecated, retention period starts"
  
  phase_4_cleanup:
    - "Archive old schema versions after retention (typically 6 months)"
    - "Remove deprecated field documentation from registry"
    - "Update consumer documentation with new schema details"

Decision Trees

Compatibility Mode Selection

Consumer deployment flexibility?
├── Consumers can upgrade at any time (same team/org)
│   └── BACKWARD compatibility (default, practical)
├── Consumers on fixed release cycles (out of sync)
│   └── FULL compatibility (both directions)
├── Producers need flexibility to iterate quickly
│   └── FORWARD compatibility (producers can remove fields)
├── Protobuf with wire compatibility
│   └── Use Protobuf built-in compatibility (field numbers never reused)
└── Experimental / dev topics
    └── NONE (no compatibility enforcement, dev only)

Schema Format Selection

Primary use case?
├── Kafka streaming, Confluent ecosystem
│   └── Avro (best tooling, native Confluent support)
├── Cross-language services, gRPC
│   └── Protobuf (fastest, most language bindings)
├── REST APIs, web frontends, NoSQL
│   └── JSON Schema (readable, web-native)
├── Event-driven APIs, AsyncAPI
│   └── JSON Schema with AsyncAPI wrapper
└── Mixed ecosystem
    └── Apicurio (multi-format registry)

Rules

• Every Kafka topic has a registered schema (key + value)
• Production topics enforce BACKWARD or FULL compatibility
• auto.register.schemas = false in all production producers
• Schema changes reviewed via PR before registration
• Deprecated fields documented with removal version
• Enum symbols never removed once data exists in topics
• Schema registry replicated across regions for HA
• No schema change without compatibility check in CI/CD
• Subject naming follows <domain>.<topic-name>-<key/value> convention
• Key subjects use FULL compatibility mode
• Use transitive compatibility for critical subjects
• Archive unused schema versions after 2 years
• Document field semantics in schema doc attribute
• Test schema changes with shadow consumers before production rollout
• Maintain a schema changelog visible to all consumers
• Use latest schema version in consumers for forward compatibility
• Never reuse field numbers in Protobuf schemas
• Validate schemas in CI/CD before merging PRs

References

• references/registry-setup.md — Schema Registry Setup
• references/schema-evolution.md — Schema Evolution
• references/schema-governance.md — Schema Governance
• references/schema-migration-strategies.md — Schema Migration Strategies
• references/schema-registry-operations.md — Schema Registry Operations Reference
• references/schema-registry-tools.md — Schema Registry Ecosystem Tools
• references/schema-registry-evolution.md — Schema Registry Evolution Deep Dive
• references/schema-registry-integration-patterns.md — Integration Patterns Reference

Handoff

data-data-platform for registry deployment. data-data-catalog for schema metadata. data-data-contracts for data contract schema integration. data-data-observability for schema drift monitoring.