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name: macos-watchdog description: >- Designs and audits macOS launchd watchdogs. Use for LaunchAgent/LaunchDaemon setup, plist changes, scheduled self-healing, repeated notifications, apps reopening after quit, crash or repair loops hammering the Mac, or a watchdog alert shown as Script Editor. Covers stop/disable/restart, cooldown/backoff, notification throttling and alert decisions. 中文：launchd 守护进程、常驻任务、开机自启、后台监控、定时自愈、通知来源排查。

macOS Watchdog

A watchdog is a launchd job that periodically detects a recurring problem and remediates it without a human. The craft is not "how to install a plist" — it is how to keep the watchdog from becoming a new disturbance: every watchdog on this machine was born from an incident, and the recurring failure mode afterward is the watchdog itself (false "all good" reports, notification floods, re-launching apps the user quit, fork-bomb replays).

The governing principle, learned the expensive way: a watchdog's lifecycle is bound to its premise state. When the condition it exists to fix cannot be fixed by it (broken WiFi, user quit the target app, prerequisite state gone), the watchdog must stand down by itself — not wait for a human to disable it.

Entry decision tree

The situation is…	Go to
Installing a NEW watchdog from scratch	§ Deploy, then § The quiet-watchdog contract
An existing watchdog misbehaves (spam, re-launches apps, hammers)	§ The quiet-watchdog contract, diagnose which clause it violates
Stopping / disabling / restarting a job	§ Stop semantics
plist key details (KeepAlive forms, domains, logging, resource limits)	references/launchd-plist-reference.md
Checking whether a plist edit is active, or comparing job argv / explicit ENV / configured paths	Run scripts/inspect_native_job.py with the exact expected plist; read references/native-job-readback.md for result and source-selection rules
Cooldown/backoff/notification-throttle patterns + sanitized war stories	references/quiet-watchdog-patterns.md
SRE alert layering (page vs ticket, fatigue numbers)	references/alert-discipline.md
A watchdog alert appears under Script Editor or its sender is unclear	references/alert-discipline.md § Message content; inspect the delivered card

The quiet-watchdog contract

Before shipping or blessing any watchdog, every clause below must hold. Each clause exists because a real watchdog violated it.

1. Premise-state self-check — it knows when it has no job

The script's first act on every run: verify the state that justifies its existence still holds. If not, exit silently — no remediation, no notification, no side effects.

• A proxy-repair watchdog checks the proxy app is running first; user quit it → skip the cycle.
• A "did the config switch back" watcher checks the config state it watches; already switched → self-stop, not another round of misleading notifications. (Real case: a recovery watcher kept firing for 2h after its premise resolved, sending 3 spurious notices, because nothing told it to stop.)

2. Remediate first, page only on sustained failure

Detection stays honest on every cycle, but the disruptive action defers until the failure persists across N consecutive cycles (patient mode). Rationale: oscillating chains self-recover in minutes; a force-reconnect on a self-limiting blip is net-harmful. Measure your system's real self-recovery window before choosing N (one chain's 94-min observatory run showed ≤3 min self-recovery → N=2 cycles at 5-min interval).

When the trigger aggregates several independent sources into one verdict (not a single health check), the cross-source agreement fraction is a second, separate parameter from N — don't default to "all sources must agree." An all-or-nothing gate produces a false negative on exactly the correlated-but-partial incident the watchdog exists to catch, because real failures rarely take every source down at once (real case: a 9-source collection-health gate required 9/9 failing and missed a live incident sitting at 6/9; recalibrating against the actual incident data to a ≥60%-of-sources threshold caught it while three-fixture testing at 0%/11%/100% confirmed it still tolerated a single-source blip). Calibrate breadth (what fraction must agree) against real historical failure data the same way you calibrate depth (N) — a threshold picked from what "sounds strict enough" is a guess, not a calibration.

Escalation ladder (cheap → disruptive): refresh state → restart connection → remote repair. Each rung verifies before climbing.

3. Escalating auto-cooldown — an unfixable environment means silence

When the full repair ladder fails, the environment is unfixable by the watchdog (broken WiFi, captive portal, dead upstream). The naive behavior — re-run the entire ladder + notification every interval forever — is exactly "the watchdog keeps re-launching the app every 10 minutes."

ThrottleInterval does not fix this: it throttles process respawn, is a fixed delay with no backoff, and does nothing for a job that exits 0 after spamming. Cool-down must live in the application layer:

• Record consecutive exhausted rounds in a state file.
• After each exhausted round, stand down for an escalating tier (e.g. 30 min → 2 h → 6 h, last tier repeats).
• One notification when entering cool-down; zero during it. On tier expiry, retry one round; any real heal clears the counter and the cool-down state.
• A manual pause [duration] command with a TTL state file is the fallback — but the auto path must work with no human command at all. A disable mechanism that requires the user to remember a command is not a mechanism.

Reusable implementation: scripts/watchdog-cooldown.sh (source it; provides paused_any, record_exhausted, clear_exhausted, cmd_pause/cmd_resume).

4. Never resurrect what the user explicitly quit

On macOS, open <url-scheme> launches the app when it isn't running, and open without -g steals foreground. A watchdog whose remediation uses URL schemes (or open -a, or restarting a GUI app) will read to the user as "I quit it and it came back."

Gate every such action: check the target process is alive before invoking its scheme, and pass -g so a legitimate action never pops a window. If the user quit the app mid-remediation, abort the ladder — cleanup traps must honor the same gate, or the "ensure connected on exit" fallback becomes the resurrector.

Deploy (mechanics that bite)

Before deploying or integrating an existing periodic observer, apply references/probe-cost.md. Require bounded observation work and a completed native launchd round; importing an existing script does not certify its cost or verdict.

Before declaring configuration active, use the native readback helper through references/native-job-readback.md. Read explicit ENV from the job's own block; do not take the first matching key from default or inherited environment sections. Verify the completed business round separately from registration or process state.

1. Location: user agent → ~/Library/LaunchAgents/ (GUI session context: can open apps, show notifications); system daemon → /Library/LaunchDaemons/ (root, no GUI access). Choose by whether the job needs the user's GUI session, not by habit.
2. plist: start from assets/launchagent.template.plist (annotated: Label, ProgramArguments, StartInterval, StandardOutPath/StandardErrorPath, ThrottleInterval, Nice). Validate with plutil -lint. ProgramArguments element 0 = absolute path; never rely on PATH inheritance.
3. Load/reload: launchctl bootstrap gui/$(id -u) <plist>; after editing a plist, bootout then bootstrap again — launchd's active state must match disk. Force one run with launchctl kickstart -k gui/$(id -u)/<label>.
4. Logs: StandardOutPath/StandardErrorPath are non-negotiable (without them failures vanish), plus in-script log rotation (cap ~1 MB).
5. Idempotency guard: re-running your deploy must not double-install. scripts/new-launchagent.sh <label> <script> <interval> is the idempotent wrapper (bootout-if-loaded → write plist → bootstrap → verify launchctl list).
6. TCC / Full Disk Access: a LaunchAgent reading protected files needs a working grant for its effective permission subject. Use macos-permissions to inspect TCC attribution and verify a protected read from the actual job; the shell's interpreter path alone does not decide this.
7. Batch throttling by default: any watchdog loop that spawns work (replays, fuzz, batch scans, parallel API calls) needs an explicit rate cap as a default parameter, not a later optimization. To the machine, an unthrottled loop and a runaway process are indistinguishable (real case: an unthrottled test replay forked 1,041 processes/sec for 7 minutes and pushed the die to 83 °C).
8. Browser side-effect acceptance: a successful data fetch alone does not prove a browser-backed watchdog is ready. The deploying operator must declare a budget for task-owned spaces and pages, then independently inventory them across multiple rounds, including injected initialization and cleanup failures. Counts must stay within that lifecycle budget; protect user-owned and unknown-origin pages throughout. If the task requires no focus stealing, independently observe the foreground app and visible windows during those rounds; CDP success is not focus evidence. For ego lite lifecycle, locking, ownership conflicts and cleanup readback, load the named Skill ego-lite-use when installed. Otherwise use the owning browser tool's documented lifecycle while meeting the same budget and readback requirements. Missing resource observations, or missing focus observations when no focus stealing is required, leave acceptance incomplete.

Stop semantics (the deprecated trap)

Intent	Command
Stop now, allow re-bootstrap later	launchctl bootout gui/$(id -u)/<label> (daemon: sudo launchctl bootout system/<label>)
Stop now AND keep stopped across login	launchctl disable user/$(id -u)/<label> (reverse: enable)
Edit then reload	bootout → edit plist → bootstrap

Never launchctl unload: deprecated, and on Ventura+ the job re-loads via RunAtLoad when the plist stays in place — the "disabled" watchdog fires again (observed: an unloaded watcher re-firing 3 times in 2h). bootstrap/bootout are the modern pair.

Troubleshooting quick map

Symptom	First check
"It re-launches the app I quit"	URL-scheme/open calls missing the process-alive gate (clause 4)
"It spams the same repair every few minutes"	No exhausted-round cool-down (clause 3); also check the ladder's failure path doesn't reset its dead-counter
"It reports healthy through a real outage"	Health check certifies only the path it probes — one green probe ≠ all planes healthy (add the second plane's probe)
"bootout didn't stick / it came back"	unload used instead of bootout, or RunAtLoad + plist still in place
Silent no-runs	StandardErrorPath missing → failures invisible; then log show --predicate 'process == "launchd"' --last 15m
"log mtime is fresh" but the job is actually failing	out.log all-green is not health — a failed pass may write nothing (set -e + prints-verified-only-on-success), so the last-success timestamp stays fresh forever. Judge the failure path (err.log / last-exit status), not success-side freshness (Pattern 7)
Works interactively, fails under launchd	TCC/FDA on the wrong interpreter; PATH assumptions in ProgramArguments
Observation becomes slower as history grows	Audit cold, warm and delta work using references/probe-cost.md; caching bytes does not bound parsing or queries

Details and the sanitized war stories behind each clause: references/quiet-watchdog-patterns.md.