---

name: mobile-design-patterns description: > Understand, compare, and implement mobile design patterns — MVC, MVP, MVVM, MVI, Clean Architecture, VIPER, TCA, and BLoC. Covers rationale, data flow, testability, and platform-specific implementations across Flutter, Android (Java/Kotlin), and iOS (ObjC/Swift). TRIGGER when: user says /mobile-design-patterns, asks about MVC vs MVVM vs MVI, needs to understand or choose a mobile architecture pattern, or wants to migrate between patterns. argument-hint: "[pattern to understand or compare, or codebase to evaluate]" user-invocable: true

Mobile Design Patterns

You are a senior mobile architect. Help the user understand, compare, choose, or implement mobile design patterns with clear examples and tradeoff analysis.

Process

Step 1: Understand the Need

Question	Why It Matters
Are you choosing for a new project or understanding existing code?	Greenfield vs. migration
What platform? (Flutter, Android, iOS, or all)	Platform idioms differ
What is the app complexity?	Simple apps don't need complex patterns
What is the team size?	More developers = more need for strict boundaries
What is the team's experience?	Familiar patterns ship faster
What are the testing requirements?	Some patterns are far more testable

Step 2: Pattern Overview & Comparison

Pattern	Separation	Testability	Complexity	Learning Curve	Best For
MVC	Low	Low	Low	Easy	Small apps, prototypes, legacy
MVP	Medium	Medium-High	Medium	Moderate	UIKit/XML apps needing testable presenters
MVVM	High	High	Medium	Moderate	Most apps — the modern default
MVI	Very High	Very High	High	Steep	Complex state, undo/redo, time-travel debugging
Clean Architecture	Very High	Very High	High	Steep	Large apps, long-lived codebases, multiple teams
VIPER	Very High	Very High	Very High	Steep	Large UIKit apps (less relevant for SwiftUI)
TCA	Very High	Very High	High	Steep	SwiftUI apps, composability, exhaustive testing
BLoC	High	Very High	Medium-High	Moderate	Flutter apps, event-driven, stream-based

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Pattern Deep Dives

MVC (Model-View-Controller)

Data flow:

User Action → Controller → updates Model
                        → updates View
Model change → Controller → updates View

Roles:

Component	Responsibility
Model	Data and business logic
View	Display UI, receive user input
Controller	Mediates between Model and View, handles user actions

The problem: In mobile, the Controller (Activity/UIViewController) often becomes the View AND Controller — the "Massive View Controller" anti-pattern. Business logic, navigation, networking, and UI all end up in one class.

Android (Java) — MVC

// Activity acts as both View and Controller (typical MVC issue)
public class ProductListActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    private ProductRepository repo;
    private RecyclerView recyclerView;
    private ProductAdapter adapter;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_product_list);

        recyclerView = findViewById(R.id.recycler_view);
        adapter = new ProductAdapter();
        recyclerView.setAdapter(adapter);

        // Controller logic mixed with View
        repo.getProducts(new Callback<List<Product>>() {
            @Override
            public void onSuccess(List<Product> products) {
                adapter.setProducts(products); // View update
            }
            @Override
            public void onError(Exception e) {
                Toast.makeText(ProductListActivity.this, e.getMessage(), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            }
        });
    }
}

iOS (Objective-C) — MVC

// UIViewController acts as both View and Controller
@implementation ProductListViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    [self.tableView registerClass:[UITableViewCell class] forCellReuseIdentifier:@"Cell"];

    // Controller logic mixed with View
    [self.repository getProductsWithCompletion:^(NSArray<Product *> *products, NSError *error) {
        dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
            if (error) {
                [self showAlert:error.localizedDescription];
            } else {
                self.products = products;
                [self.tableView reloadData];
            }
        });
    }];
}

// Also acts as data source (more Controller+View mixing)
- (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {
    UITableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:@"Cell" forIndexPath:indexPath];
    cell.textLabel.text = self.products[indexPath.row].name;
    return cell;
}
@end

When to use: Prototypes, very simple apps, learning. Avoid for production apps with more than a few screens.

---

MVP (Model-View-Presenter)

Data flow:

User Action → View → Presenter → Model
                                    ↓
              View ← Presenter ← Model (result)

Roles:

Component	Responsibility
Model	Data and business logic
View	Display UI, delegates all actions to Presenter (passive)
Presenter	All presentation logic, updates View through interface

Key difference from MVC: The View is passive (implements an interface). The Presenter holds no reference to Android/iOS framework classes, making it unit-testable.

Android (Java) — MVP

// View interface
public interface ProductListView {
    void showProducts(List<Product> products);
    void showError(String message);
    void showLoading();
}

// Presenter — fully testable, no Android imports
public class ProductListPresenter {
    private final ProductListView view;
    private final ProductRepository repo;

    public ProductListPresenter(ProductListView view, ProductRepository repo) {
        this.view = view;
        this.repo = repo;
    }

    public void loadProducts() {
        view.showLoading();
        repo.getProducts(new Callback<List<Product>>() {
            @Override
            public void onSuccess(List<Product> products) {
                view.showProducts(products);
            }
            @Override
            public void onError(Exception e) {
                view.showError(e.getMessage());
            }
        });
    }
}

// Activity implements the View interface
public class ProductListActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements ProductListView {
    private ProductListPresenter presenter;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        presenter = new ProductListPresenter(this, new ProductRepository());
        presenter.loadProducts();
    }

    @Override
    public void showProducts(List<Product> products) {
        adapter.setProducts(products);
    }

    @Override
    public void showError(String message) {
        Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
    }

    @Override
    public void showLoading() { /* show spinner */ }
}

iOS (Swift) — MVP with UIKit

// View protocol
protocol ProductListViewProtocol: AnyObject {
    func showProducts(_ products: [Product])
    func showError(_ message: String)
    func showLoading()
}

// Presenter — no UIKit imports
class ProductListPresenter {
    weak var view: ProductListViewProtocol?
    private let repo: ProductRepository

    init(repo: ProductRepository) {
        self.repo = repo
    }

    func loadProducts() {
        view?.showLoading()
        repo.getProducts { [weak self] result in
            switch result {
            case .success(let products):
                self?.view?.showProducts(products)
            case .failure(let error):
                self?.view?.showError(error.localizedDescription)
            }
        }
    }
}

// ViewController implements View protocol
class ProductListViewController: UIViewController, ProductListViewProtocol {
    private let presenter: ProductListPresenter

    func showProducts(_ products: [Product]) {
        self.products = products
        tableView.reloadData()
    }
    // ...
}

When to use: UIKit or XML-based apps where you need testable presentation logic. Less relevant for Compose/SwiftUI where MVVM is more natural.

---

MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel)

Data flow:

User Action → View → ViewModel → Model / Repository
                                        ↓
              View ← (observes) ← ViewModel ← Model (result)

Roles:

Component	Responsibility
Model	Data, business logic, repository
View	Display UI, bind to ViewModel observables
ViewModel	Expose state as observable streams, handle user intents

Key difference from MVP: The View observes the ViewModel reactively (data binding) rather than the Presenter calling View methods imperatively. The ViewModel does NOT hold a reference to the View.

Flutter — MVVM with Riverpod

// ViewModel (Riverpod notifier)
@riverpod
class ProductListViewModel extends _$ProductListViewModel {
  @override
  Future<List<Product>> build() async {
    return ref.read(productRepoProvider).getAll();
  }

  Future<void> refresh() async {
    state = const AsyncLoading();
    state = await AsyncValue.guard(
      () => ref.read(productRepoProvider).getAll(),
    );
  }
}

// View — observes ViewModel reactively
class ProductListScreen extends ConsumerWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
    final state = ref.watch(productListViewModelProvider);
    return state.when(
      loading: () => const CircularProgressIndicator(),
      error: (e, _) => Text('Error: $e'),
      data: (products) => ListView.builder(
        itemCount: products.length,
        itemBuilder: (_, i) => ProductTile(product: products[i]),
      ),
    );
  }
}

Android (Kotlin + Compose) — MVVM

// ViewModel — exposes state as StateFlow
class ProductListViewModel(
    private val repo: ProductRepository
) : ViewModel() {
    private val _uiState = MutableStateFlow<UiState<List<Product>>>(UiState.Loading)
    val uiState: StateFlow<UiState<List<Product>>> = _uiState.asStateFlow()

    init { loadProducts() }

    fun loadProducts() {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            _uiState.value = UiState.Loading
            _uiState.value = try {
                UiState.Success(repo.getAll())
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                UiState.Error(e.message ?: "Unknown error")
            }
        }
    }
}

// View — observes ViewModel
@Composable
fun ProductListScreen(viewModel: ProductListViewModel = hiltViewModel()) {
    val uiState by viewModel.uiState.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()
    when (val state = uiState) {
        is UiState.Loading -> CircularProgressIndicator()
        is UiState.Error -> Text("Error: ${state.message}")
        is UiState.Success -> LazyColumn {
            items(state.data) { product -> ProductCard(product) }
        }
    }
}

Android (Java + XML) — MVVM with LiveData

// ViewModel — exposes state as LiveData
public class ProductListViewModel extends ViewModel {
    private final MutableLiveData<List<Product>> products = new MutableLiveData<>();
    private final MutableLiveData<Boolean> loading = new MutableLiveData<>(false);
    private final ProductRepository repo;

    public LiveData<List<Product>> getProducts() { return products; }
    public LiveData<Boolean> isLoading() { return loading; }

    public void loadProducts() {
        loading.setValue(true);
        repo.getAll(result -> {
            loading.postValue(false);
            products.postValue(result);
        });
    }
}

// Activity — observes LiveData
public class ProductListActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        ProductListViewModel vm = new ViewModelProvider(this).get(ProductListViewModel.class);

        vm.getProducts().observe(this, products -> {
            adapter.submitList(products);
        });
        vm.isLoading().observe(this, loading -> {
            progressBar.setVisibility(loading ? View.VISIBLE : View.GONE);
        });
        vm.loadProducts();
    }
}

iOS (Swift + SwiftUI) — MVVM

// ViewModel — observable state
@Observable  // iOS 17+
class ProductListViewModel {
    var products: [Product] = []
    var isLoading = false
    var errorMessage: String?

    private let repo: ProductRepository

    func loadProducts() async {
        isLoading = true
        defer { isLoading = false }
        do {
            products = try await repo.getAll()
        } catch {
            errorMessage = error.localizedDescription
        }
    }
}

// View — automatic observation
struct ProductListView: View {
    @State private var viewModel = ProductListViewModel(repo: .live)

    var body: some View {
        Group {
            if viewModel.isLoading {
                ProgressView()
            } else {
                List(viewModel.products) { product in
                    ProductRow(product: product)
                }
            }
        }
        .task { await viewModel.loadProducts() }
    }
}

iOS (Swift + UIKit) — MVVM with Combine

class ProductListViewModel {
    @Published private(set) var products: [Product] = []
    @Published private(set) var isLoading = false
    private var cancellables = Set<AnyCancellable>()

    func loadProducts() {
        isLoading = true
        repo.getAll()
            .receive(on: DispatchQueue.main)
            .sink(
                receiveCompletion: { [weak self] _ in self?.isLoading = false },
                receiveValue: { [weak self] in self?.products = $0 }
            )
            .store(in: &cancellables)
    }
}

// UIViewController binds via Combine
class ProductListVC: UIViewController {
    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()
        viewModel.$products
            .sink { [weak self] _ in self?.tableView.reloadData() }
            .store(in: &cancellables)
    }
}

When to use: The default choice for most modern mobile apps. Works naturally with reactive frameworks (Compose, SwiftUI, Flutter).

---

MVI (Model-View-Intent)

Data flow:

User Action → Intent (Event) → Reducer → New State → View renders
                                  ↕
                            Side Effects

Roles:

Component	Responsibility
Model	Immutable state object representing the entire screen
View	Renders state, emits user Intents (events)
Intent	User actions as explicit events (sealed class/enum)
Reducer	Pure function: (State, Intent) → State
Side Effects	Async operations triggered by Intents

Key difference from MVVM: State is a single immutable object. All changes go through a reducer. This makes state transitions predictable, debuggable, and testable.

Flutter — MVI with BLoC

// State — single immutable object
@freezed
class ProductListState with _$ProductListState {
  const factory ProductListState({
    @Default([]) List<Product> products,
    @Default(false) bool isLoading,
    String? error,
    @Default('') String searchQuery,
  }) = _ProductListState;
}

// Events (Intents)
@freezed
class ProductListEvent with _$ProductListEvent {
  const factory ProductListEvent.loadRequested() = _LoadRequested;
  const factory ProductListEvent.searchChanged(String query) = _SearchChanged;
  const factory ProductListEvent.productDeleted(String id) = _ProductDeleted;
}

// BLoC — reducer + side effects
class ProductListBloc extends Bloc<ProductListEvent, ProductListState> {
  ProductListBloc(this._repo) : super(const ProductListState()) {
    on<_LoadRequested>(_onLoadRequested);
    on<_SearchChanged>(_onSearchChanged, transformer: debounce(300.ms));
  }

  Future<void> _onLoadRequested(event, emit) async {
    emit(state.copyWith(isLoading: true, error: null));
    try {
      final products = await _repo.getAll();
      emit(state.copyWith(isLoading: false, products: products));
    } catch (e) {
      emit(state.copyWith(isLoading: false, error: e.toString()));
    }
  }
}

Android (Kotlin) — MVI

// State
data class ProductListState(
    val products: List<Product> = emptyList(),
    val isLoading: Boolean = false,
    val error: String? = null,
    val searchQuery: String = ""
)

// Intent (Event)
sealed interface ProductListIntent {
    data object LoadRequested : ProductListIntent
    data class SearchChanged(val query: String) : ProductListIntent
    data class ProductDeleted(val id: String) : ProductListIntent
}

// ViewModel as state machine
class ProductListViewModel(private val repo: ProductRepository) : ViewModel() {
    private val _state = MutableStateFlow(ProductListState())
    val state: StateFlow<ProductListState> = _state.asStateFlow()

    fun onIntent(intent: ProductListIntent) {
        when (intent) {
            is ProductListIntent.LoadRequested -> loadProducts()
            is ProductListIntent.SearchChanged -> search(intent.query)
            is ProductListIntent.ProductDeleted -> delete(intent.id)
        }
    }

    private fun loadProducts() {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            _state.update { it.copy(isLoading = true, error = null) }
            try {
                val products = repo.getAll()
                _state.update { it.copy(isLoading = false, products = products) }
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                _state.update { it.copy(isLoading = false, error = e.message) }
            }
        }
    }
}

iOS (Swift) — MVI with TCA

@Reducer
struct ProductListFeature {
    @ObservableState
    struct State: Equatable {
        var products: [Product] = []
        var isLoading = false
        var searchQuery = ""
        @Presents var alert: AlertState<Action.Alert>?
    }

    enum Action {
        case loadRequested
        case productsLoaded(Result<[Product], Error>)
        case searchChanged(String)
        case alert(PresentationAction<Alert>)
        enum Alert: Equatable {}
    }

    @Dependency(\.productClient) var productClient

    var body: some ReducerOf<Self> {
        Reduce { state, action in
            switch action {
            case .loadRequested:
                state.isLoading = true
                return .run { send in
                    await send(.productsLoaded(Result {
                        try await productClient.getAll()
                    }))
                }
            case .productsLoaded(.success(let products)):
                state.isLoading = false
                state.products = products
                return .none
            case .productsLoaded(.failure(let error)):
                state.isLoading = false
                state.alert = AlertState { TextState(error.localizedDescription) }
                return .none
            case .searchChanged(let query):
                state.searchQuery = query
                return .none
            case .alert:
                return .none
            }
        }
    }
}

When to use: Complex screens with many interacting state fields, undo/redo, time-travel debugging, or when state predictability is critical.

---

Clean Architecture

Layer structure:

┌─────────────────────┐
│    Presentation     │  ← UI, ViewModels, Widgets
├─────────────────────┤
│      Domain         │  ← Use Cases, Entities, Repository Interfaces
├─────────────────────┤
│       Data          │  ← Repository Impls, APIs, Database, DTOs
└─────────────────────┘

Dependency rule: outer layers depend on inner layers, NEVER the reverse.
Domain layer has ZERO external dependencies.

Roles:

Layer	Contains	Depends On
Domain	Entities, Use Cases, Repository interfaces	Nothing (pure language)
Data	Repository impls, API clients, DB, DTOs, mappers	Domain (implements interfaces)
Presentation	UI, ViewModels/BLoCs, navigation	Domain (uses Use Cases)

Clean Architecture applies ON TOP of any presentation pattern (MVVM, MVI, BLoC).

Flutter — Clean Architecture + BLoC

lib/
  features/
    products/
      domain/
        entities/product.dart           # Pure Dart class
        repositories/product_repo.dart  # Abstract class (interface)
        usecases/get_products.dart      # Single-purpose use case
      data/
        models/product_model.dart       # DTO with fromJson/toJson
        datasources/product_api.dart    # HTTP client
        datasources/product_local.dart  # Local DB
        repositories/product_repo_impl.dart  # Implements domain interface
      presentation/
        bloc/product_list_bloc.dart     # BLoC using use cases
        pages/product_list_page.dart    # Widget
        widgets/product_card.dart       # Reusable widget

Android — Clean Architecture + MVVM

app/
  features/
    products/
      domain/
        model/Product.kt               # Domain entity (no annotations)
        repository/ProductRepository.kt # Interface
        usecase/GetProductsUseCase.kt   # Single-purpose use case
      data/
        model/ProductDto.kt            # API/DB model with annotations
        mapper/ProductMapper.kt        # DTO ↔ Domain mapping
        remote/ProductApi.kt           # Retrofit interface
        local/ProductDao.kt            # Room DAO
        repository/ProductRepositoryImpl.kt
      presentation/
        ProductListViewModel.kt        # Uses use cases, exposes StateFlow
        ProductListScreen.kt           # Compose UI

iOS — Clean Architecture + MVVM

App/
  Features/
    Products/
      Domain/
        Entities/Product.swift          # Plain Swift struct
        Repositories/ProductRepository.swift  # Protocol
        UseCases/GetProductsUseCase.swift
      Data/
        DTOs/ProductDTO.swift           # Codable struct
        DataSources/ProductAPI.swift    # URLSession/Alamofire
        DataSources/ProductLocalDB.swift
        Repositories/ProductRepositoryImpl.swift
      Presentation/
        ProductListViewModel.swift      # @Observable, uses use cases
        ProductListView.swift           # SwiftUI view

When to use: Large apps with multiple developers, long-lived codebases, or when strict testability and separation are required. Overkill for small apps.

---

VIPER

Components:

Component	Responsibility
View	Display UI (passive, like MVP)
Interactor	Business logic (like Use Case)
Presenter	Presentation logic, mediates View ↔ Interactor
Entity	Data models
Router	Navigation logic

When to use: Large UIKit apps. Largely superseded by Clean Architecture + MVVM for modern development. Avoid for SwiftUI/Compose (too many abstractions for declarative UI).

---

Step 3: Decision Guide

Is the app small (< 5 screens)?
  → MVVM (simple ViewModel per screen)

Is the app medium (5-20 screens)?
  → MVVM with Repository pattern

Is the app large (20+ screens, multiple devs)?
  → Clean Architecture + MVVM or MVI

Does state management need strict predictability?
  → MVI (BLoC for Flutter, TCA for iOS)

Is this a legacy UIKit/XML app?
  → MVP (if refactoring from MVC) or MVVM with UIKit binding

Is this a legacy Objective-C/Java app?
  → MVC (existing) → migrate to MVP → then MVVM as you modernize

Step 4: Migration Paths

From	To	Strategy
MVC → MVP	Extract Presenter from Controller, define View interface	Screen by screen
MVC → MVVM	Extract ViewModel, add reactive bindings	Screen by screen
MVP → MVVM	Replace View interface with reactive observation	Replace Presenter with ViewModel
MVVM → MVI	Unify state into single object, add event/intent layer	Feature by feature
Any → Clean Architecture	Add domain layer (entities + use cases + interfaces), then refactor data layer	Layer by layer, domain first

Rule: Never rewrite. Always migrate incrementally — one screen or one feature at a time.

Output Format

## Pattern Recommendation
- **Pattern:** [MVVM / MVI / Clean Architecture + MVVM / etc.]
- **Platform:** [Flutter / Android / iOS]
- **Rationale:** [Why this pattern for this context]

## Architecture Diagram
[Layer diagram with data flow arrows]

## Example Implementation
[Key classes and their relationships]

## Testing Strategy
[What is testable and how]

## Migration Plan (if applicable)
[Step-by-step migration from current pattern]

Quality Checklist

• Pattern complexity matches app complexity (no over-engineering)
• Business logic is testable without UI framework
• Data flow direction is consistent and documented
• Team understands the pattern (not just the architect)
• Navigation is handled explicitly (not scattered across views)
• Pattern is applied consistently across features

Edge Cases

• Mixing patterns within one app is fine during migration — enforce consistency per feature, not globally
• For Kotlin Multiplatform, the domain and data layers can be shared; only the presentation layer is platform-specific
• SwiftUI's opinionated state management (@State, @Environment) can conflict with external patterns — embrace it for local state, use ViewModel/TCA for feature state
• BLoC is Flutter-specific. If sharing concepts across Flutter and native, consider aligning on MVI terminology instead
• VIPER generates many files per feature — use code generation templates (Xcode templates, Android Studio templates) if you adopt it