---

name: use-graphql-api description: > Interact with GraphQL APIs from the command line — discover schemas via introspection, construct queries and mutations, execute them with gh api graphql or curl, parse responses with jq, and chain operations by piping IDs between calls. Use when automating GitHub Discussions, Issues, or Projects via GraphQL, integrating with any GraphQL endpoint from scripts, or building CLI workflows that need structured API data. license: MIT allowed-tools: Read Write Edit Bash Grep Glob WebFetch metadata: author: Philipp Thoss version: "1.0" domain: web-dev complexity: intermediate language: multi tags: graphql, api, github, query, mutation, introspection

Use GraphQL API

Discover, construct, execute, and chain GraphQL operations from the command line.

When to Use

• Querying or mutating data via a GraphQL endpoint (GitHub, Hasura, Apollo, etc.)
• Automating GitHub operations that require GraphQL (Discussions, Projects v2)
• Building shell scripts that fetch structured data from GraphQL APIs
• Chaining multiple GraphQL calls where output of one feeds into the next

Inputs

• Required: GraphQL endpoint URL or service name (e.g., github)
• Required: Operation intent (what data to read or write)
• Optional: Authentication token or method (default: gh CLI auth for GitHub)
• Optional: Output format preference (raw JSON, jq-filtered, variable assignment)

Procedure

Step 1. Discover the Schema

Determine available types, fields, queries, and mutations.

For GitHub:

# List available query fields
gh api graphql -f query='{ __schema { queryType { fields { name description } } } }' \
  | jq '.data.__schema.queryType.fields[] | {name, description}'

# List available mutation fields
gh api graphql -f query='{ __schema { mutationType { fields { name description } } } }' \
  | jq '.data.__schema.mutationType.fields[] | {name, description}'

# Inspect a specific type
gh api graphql -f query='{
  __type(name: "Repository") {
    fields { name type { name kind ofType { name } } }
  }
}' | jq '.data.__type.fields[] | {name, type: .type.name // .type.ofType.name}'

For generic endpoints:

# Full introspection query via curl
curl -s -X POST https://api.example.com/graphql \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
  -d '{"query":"{ __schema { types { name kind fields { name } } } }"}' \
  | jq '.data.__schema.types[] | select(.kind == "OBJECT") | {name, fields: [.fields[].name]}'

Expected: JSON output listing available types, fields, or mutations. The schema response confirms the endpoint is reachable and the auth token is valid.

On failure:

• 401 Unauthorized — verify the token; for GitHub, run gh auth status
• Cannot query field — the endpoint may disable introspection; consult its documentation instead
• Connection refused — verify the endpoint URL and network access

Step 2. Identify the Operation Type

Determine whether your task requires a query (read), mutation (write), or subscription (stream).

Intent	Operation	Example
Fetch data	query	Get repository details, list discussions
Create/update/delete	mutation	Create a discussion, add a comment
Real-time updates	subscription	Watch for new issues (rare in CLI)

For GitHub-specific operations, consult the GitHub GraphQL API docs.

# Quick check: does the mutation exist?
gh api graphql -f query='{ __schema { mutationType { fields { name } } } }' \
  | jq '.data.__schema.mutationType.fields[].name' | grep -i "discussion"

Expected: Clear identification of whether a query or mutation is needed, plus the exact operation name (e.g., createDiscussion, repository).

On failure:

• Operation not found — search with broader terms or check the API version
• Unclear whether query or mutation — if the action changes state, it is a mutation

Step 3. Construct the Operation

Build the GraphQL query or mutation with fields, arguments, and variables.

Query example — fetch a repository's discussion categories:

gh api graphql -f query='
  query($owner: String!, $repo: String!) {
    repository(owner: $owner, name: $repo) {
      discussionCategories(first: 10) {
        nodes { id name }
      }
    }
  }
' -f owner="OWNER" -f repo="REPO" | jq '.data.repository.discussionCategories.nodes'

Mutation example — create a GitHub Discussion:

gh api graphql -f query='
  mutation($repoId: ID!, $categoryId: ID!, $title: String!, $body: String!) {
    createDiscussion(input: {
      repositoryId: $repoId,
      categoryId: $categoryId,
      title: $title,
      body: $body
    }) {
      discussion { url number }
    }
  }
' -f repoId="$REPO_ID" -f categoryId="$CAT_ID" \
  -f title="My Discussion" -f body="Discussion body here"

Key construction rules:

1. Always use variables ($var: Type!) instead of inline values for reusability
2. Request only the fields you need to minimize response size
3. Use first: N with nodes for paginated connections
4. Add id to every object selection — you will need it for chaining

Expected: A syntactically valid GraphQL operation with appropriate variables, field selections, and pagination parameters.

On failure:

• Syntax errors — check bracket matching and trailing commas (GraphQL has no trailing commas)
• Type mismatch — verify variable types against the schema (e.g., ID! vs String!)
• Missing required fields — add required input fields per the schema

Step 4. Execute via CLI

Run the operation and capture the response.

GitHub — using gh api graphql:

# Simple query
gh api graphql -f query='{ viewer { login } }'

# With variables
gh api graphql \
  -f query='query($owner: String!, $repo: String!) {
    repository(owner: $owner, name: $repo) { id name }
  }' \
  -f owner="octocat" -f repo="Hello-World"

# With jq post-processing
REPO_ID=$(gh api graphql \
  -f query='query($owner: String!, $repo: String!) {
    repository(owner: $owner, name: $repo) { id }
  }' \
  -f owner="OWNER" -f repo="REPO" \
  --jq '.data.repository.id')

Generic endpoint — using curl:

curl -s -X POST "$GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
  -d "$(jq -n \
    --arg query 'query { users { id name } }' \
    '{query: $query}'
  )"

Expected: A JSON response with a data key containing the requested fields, or an errors array if the operation failed.

On failure:

• errors array in response — read the message; common causes are missing permissions, invalid IDs, or rate limits
• Empty data — the query matched no records; verify input values
• HTTP 403 — the token lacks the required scope; for GitHub, check gh auth status and add scopes with gh auth refresh -s scope

Step 5. Parse the Response

Extract the data you need from the JSON response.

# Extract a single value
gh api graphql -f query='{ viewer { login } }' --jq '.data.viewer.login'

# Extract from a list
gh api graphql -f query='
  query($owner: String!, $repo: String!) {
    repository(owner: $owner, name: $repo) {
      issues(first: 5, states: OPEN) {
        nodes { number title }
      }
    }
  }
' -f owner="OWNER" -f repo="REPO" \
  --jq '.data.repository.issues.nodes[] | "\(.number): \(.title)"'

# Assign to a variable for later use
CATEGORY_ID=$(gh api graphql -f query='
  query($owner: String!, $repo: String!) {
    repository(owner: $owner, name: $repo) {
      discussionCategories(first: 20) {
        nodes { id name }
      }
    }
  }
' -f owner="OWNER" -f repo="REPO" \
  --jq '.data.repository.discussionCategories.nodes[] | select(.name == "Show and Tell") | .id')

Expected: Clean, extracted values ready for display or assignment to shell variables.

On failure:

• jq returns null — the field path is wrong; pipe raw JSON to jq . first to inspect structure
• Multiple values when expecting one — add a select() filter or | first
• Unicode issues — add -r to jq for raw string output

Step 6. Chain Operations

Use output from one operation as input to the next.

# Step A: Get the repository ID
REPO_ID=$(gh api graphql \
  -f query='query($owner: String!, $repo: String!) {
    repository(owner: $owner, name: $repo) { id }
  }' \
  -f owner="$OWNER" -f repo="$REPO" \
  --jq '.data.repository.id')

# Step B: Get the discussion category ID
CAT_ID=$(gh api graphql \
  -f query='query($owner: String!, $repo: String!) {
    repository(owner: $owner, name: $repo) {
      discussionCategories(first: 20) {
        nodes { id name }
      }
    }
  }' \
  -f owner="$OWNER" -f repo="$REPO" \
  --jq '.data.repository.discussionCategories.nodes[]
    | select(.name == "Show and Tell") | .id')

# Step C: Create the discussion using both IDs
RESULT=$(gh api graphql \
  -f query='mutation($repoId: ID!, $catId: ID!, $title: String!, $body: String!) {
    createDiscussion(input: {
      repositoryId: $repoId,
      categoryId: $catId,
      title: $title,
      body: $body
    }) {
      discussion { url number }
    }
  }' \
  -f repoId="$REPO_ID" -f catId="$CAT_ID" \
  -f title="$TITLE" -f body="$BODY" \
  --jq '.data.createDiscussion.discussion')

echo "Created: $(echo "$RESULT" | jq -r '.url')"

Pattern: Always extract id fields in earlier queries so they can be passed as ID! variables to subsequent mutations.

Expected: A multi-step workflow where each call succeeds and IDs flow correctly between operations.

On failure:

• Variable is empty — a previous step failed silently; add set -e and check each intermediate value
• ID format wrong — GitHub node IDs are opaque strings (e.g., R_kgDO...); never construct them manually
• Rate limited — add sleep 1 between calls or batch queries using aliases

Validation

1. Introspection query returns schema data (Step 1 succeeds)
2. Constructed queries are syntactically valid (no GraphQL parser errors)
3. Responses contain data keys without errors
4. Extracted values match expected types (IDs are non-empty strings, counts are numbers)
5. Chained operations complete end-to-end (mutation uses IDs from prior queries)

Common Pitfalls

Pitfall	Prevention
Forgetting ! on required variable types	Always check schema for nullability; most input fields are non-null (!)
Using REST IDs in GraphQL	GraphQL uses opaque node IDs; fetch them via GraphQL, not REST
Not paginating large result sets	Use first/after with pageInfo { hasNextPage endCursor }
Hardcoding IDs instead of querying them	IDs differ between environments; always query dynamically
Ignoring the errors array	Check for errors even when data is present — partial errors are possible
Shell quoting issues with nested JSON	Use --jq flag with gh or pipe through jq separately

Related Skills

• scaffold-nextjs-app — scaffolding web apps that consume GraphQL APIs
• create-pull-request — GitHub workflow automation (REST-based counterpart)
• manage-git-branches — Git operations often paired with API automation
• serialize-data-formats — JSON parsing patterns used in response handling