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name: sap-qm description: > This skill handles SAP QM (품질관리) tasks including Inspection Lot (QA01/QA02/QA03), Inspection Plan (QP01/QP02/QP03), Results Recording (QE01/QE51N), Usage Decision (QA11/QA12/QA13), Quality Notification (QM01/QM02/QM03), Quality Certificate (QC01/QC21), Quality Info Record (QI01/QI02/QI03), and Stability Study. Use when user mentions QM, 품질관리, 품질검사, inspection lot, 검사로트, inspection plan, 검사계획, usage decision, 사용결정, quality notification, 품질통보, MIC, 검사특성, quality certificate, 인증서, sampling, 샘플링. allowed-tools: Read, Grep

SAP Quality Management (QM) Skill

1. Environment Intake Checklist

Before starting QM troubleshooting or configuration, collect:

• SAP Release: ECC 6.0 (SP number), S/4HANA 1909+, S/4HANA Cloud
• Deployment: On-premise (ECC/S/4 OP) | Private Cloud (RISE) | Public Cloud (SAP QMS)
• QM Activation: SPRO > SAP Customizing for Quality Management configured?
• Scope: 구매(MM) 수입검사 | 생산(PP) 공정검사 | 판매(SD) 납품검사
• Industry: 제조업(일반) | 화학 | 제약(GMP) | 식품(HACCP) | 자동차(IATF 16949)
• Quality Strategy: 100% 검사 | Sampling plan (AQL-based) | Zero-inspection (trusted supplier)
• Integration: MM-QM 구매검사 | PP-QM 공정검사 | SD-QM 납품검사 | QM-PM 통지서 연동

Skill will adapt all answers to user's specific SAP release, deployment, and industry context.

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2. Quality Planning (QP01/QP02/QP03, QS21/QS31, QDV1)

2.1 Inspection Plan Structure (검사계획)

Transaction: QP01 (Create), QP02 (Change), QP03 (Display)

Logical hierarchy:

Inspection Plan Header (PLKO)
├─ Plan Number (PLNNR): 자동 또는 수동 부여
├─ Material (PLKO-MATNR) + Plant (PLKO-WERKS)
├─ Inspection Type (PLKO-LOART):
│  ├─ 01: Purchasing (구매 입고 검사)
│  ├─ 03: Production (공정 검사)
│  ├─ 04: Sales (판매 출고 검사)
│  └─ 08/09: Recurring/Source
├─ Valid from/to (PLKO-GDATU ~ PLKO-GDATU_END)
└─ Status: 1=Created, 2=Released, 3=Locked
    └─ Inspection Operations (PLPO) — 검사 단계별
        ├─ Operation number (OPNR): 10, 20, 30...
        ├─ MICs (Master Inspection Characteristics — PLMK)
        └─ Sampling Procedure (QDV1 reference)

Key Tables:

• PLKO: Plan header (Inspection plan name, type, dates)
• PLPO: Plan operations (Operation sequencing, MIC assignment)
• PLMK: Plan-MIC assignment (QPMK reference)
• QPMK: Master Inspection Characteristics (검사특성 마스터)

한국 현장 팁: IATF 16949 대비 각 Operation마다 검사기준(Specification) 명확히 입력 필수. LSL/Target/USL 3개 다 입력.

2.2 Master Inspection Characteristics (MIC) — QS21/QS31

QS21 Transaction (Create MIC):

• MIC Code (QPMK-MERKM): 산도, 경도, 수분율, Tensile strength 등
• Type (QPMK-MERTY): 1=Quantitative (수치), 2=Qualitative (합격/불합격)
• Unit of measure (QPMK-MEINS): mg/L, HV, %, ppm
• Valuation (QPMK-BWFL): A=Automatic, B=Manual, C=Reference sample

Specification Definition (QS31 — Material에 대한 MIC 기준값):

• LSL (Lower Spec Limit): QPSP-LSL
• Target (Nominal): QPSP-ZIELW
• USL (Upper Spec Limit): QPSP-USL
• Tolerance (±): QPSP-ABWG

예시 (제약 API 수분율):

MIC Code: MOISTURE
Type: Quantitative
Unit: %
Specification:
  LSL: 1.0%
  Target: 2.5%
  USL: 5.0%
Valuation: Automatic (측정값 vs LSL/USL 자동 비교)

2.3 Sampling Procedure Configuration (QDV1)

Purpose: Lot size에 따른 샘플 크기 결정 (ISO 2859-1 AQL 기반)

Three sampling schemes:

• Single: 1차 샘플링으로 최종 판정 (Accept/Reject)
• Double: 1차 inconclusive → 2차 샘플링
• Sequential: 합격 판정될 때까지 계속 샘플링

AQL Parameters:

• AQL (Acceptable Quality Level): 예) 1.0% = 최대 1% 불량 허용
• Sample size letter (A~M): ISO 2859-1 lookup table (QPSA 테이블)
• Acceptance number (Ac): "합격" 수량
• Rejection number (Re): "불합격" 수량

Configuration Path: SPRO > QM > Quality Planning > Sampling > Define Sampling Procedure

Key Tables:

• QPSA: Sampling header
• QPSX: Sampling level (Normal/Tightened/Reduced)

한국 자동차: 보통 AQL 2.5% or 4.0% (supplier 신뢰도에 따라 분화)

2.4 Dynamic Modification Rules (QDR1)

목적: 연속 검사 결과에 따라 샘플 크기 동적 조정

Transition Rules:

• Normal → Tightened: N개 불합격 로트 발견 시 (예: 5회)
• Tightened → Normal: M개 연속 합격 로트 (예: 5회)
• Normal → Reduced: K개 연속 합격 + 조건 만족 시 (예: 25회)
• Reduced → Normal: 불합격 또는 OOS 검출

설정 예:

Tightened entry: 불합격 횟수 = 5
Tightened exit: 합격 횟수 = 5
Reduced entry: 합격 횟수 = 25 AND 불합격률 < 0.5%
Reduced exit: 불합격 1회 (즉시)

생산 관점: Tightened 진입 시 생산 속도 저하 (샘플 size ↑) → 원인 파악 및 시정 urgency ↑

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3. Quality Inspection — Inspection Lot & Results Recording

3.1 Inspection Lot Creation (QA01)

Inspection types (검사유형, QALS-LOART):

• 01: GR Inspection (구매 입고 검사) — MIGO 후 자동 또는 수동
• 03: In-process (생산 공정 검사) — 공정 단계별 타이밍
• 04: GI Inspection (판매 출고 검사) — MIGO GI 전
• 08: Recurring inspection (반복 검사) — 정기적 재검사
• 09: Source inspection (원산지 검사) — 공급사 공장에서

Automatic Creation Flow:

Material Master (MM02):
  QM Control Level (IQMC) = "01" 또는 "02"
    ↓
Purchasing Info Record (ME11) 또는 Quality Info Record (QI01):
  Inspection plan flag = "X"
    ↓
MIGO (GR posting):
  자동 → Inspection Lot 생성 (QALS)
    ↓
QA25 (Background job):
  Daily/Hourly run → 대량 검사로트 생성

Manual Creation (QA01 T-code):

QA01 Screen:
├─ Material Number (QALS-MATNR)
├─ Quantity (QALS-MENGE)
├─ UoM (QALS-MEINS)
├─ Supplier (QALS-LIFNR) — Type 01 구매의 경우
├─ Inspection Type: 01/03/04/08/09
├─ Inspection Plan: 자동 상속 (PLKO → QALS-PLNNR)
└─ Lot number (QALS-LOSNR): Auto/Manual

Key Table: QALS (Inspection Lot Header)

3.2 Sample Definition (QPR1/QPR2)

Sample Determination (샘플 결정):

1. Inspection Plan → Sampling Procedure (QDV1) lookup
2. Lot size입력 → Sample size 자동 계산 (ISO 2859-1)
3. Sample selection strategy:
   • Sequential: Units 1, 2, 3... n
   • Random: SAP random number generator
   • Every nth: e.g. 매 5번째 unit

Sample Recording (QPR1 Transaction):

QPR1:
├─ Select Inspection Lot (QALS)
├─ System proposes sample size & strategy
├─ Assign sample units (팔레트/박스 ID 또는 연번)
└─ Print sample labels (for inspection lab)

Key Tables: QASE (Sample header), QASV (Individual sample values)

3.3 Results Recording (QE01/QE51N)

QE01 Transaction (Classic GUI):

QE01:
├─ Select Inspection Lot (QALS)
├─ Record per Characteristic (MIC):
│  ├─ Quantitative: 수치 입력 (예: 98.5 mg/L)
│  │  → 자동 vs LSL/USL 비교 → Pass/Fail
│  └─ Qualitative: Accept/Reject 선택
├─ Record Defects (optional):
│  ├─ Defect code (QMFE-MFEHL, e.g. CRACK, BURN)
│  └─ Quantity affected
└─ Save (QASR 테이블에 기록)

QE51N (Fiori App — Mobile inspection input):

• 모바일 친화 UI
• QR code 스캔 → sample 빠른 접근
• 검사기기 API 직접 연동 (자동 수치 입력)
• Offline mode 지원

Result Evaluation (자동):

• Individual MIC result: Pass (수치가 LSL~USL 범위) / Fail (Out of spec)
• Lot-level judgment: 별도 UD (Usage Decision) transaction에서 수행

Key Tables:

• QASR (Result header — Lot별)
• QASV (Sample value — 개별 샘플 수치)
• QAVE (Evaluation — 최종 Pass/Fail 기록)

3.4 Statistical Process Control (SPC) — 관리도

SPC Configuration (Quality Control 메뉴):

SPRO > QM > Quality Control > Define Control Chart

Chart Types:

• X-bar & R chart: 연속 공정 (mean ± std dev tracking)
• p-chart: Proportion defective (불량률 추적)
• c-chart: Defect count (결함 개수)

Triggers:

• 관리한계(Control limit) 벗어남 → QM notification 자동 생성
• 추세(Trend): 8개 연속 point가 center line 한쪽 → 경고
• Rule violations → Root cause investigation 유도

생산 현장 활용: 공정능력(Cpk) 사전 평가 후 매 로트마다 모니터링 — 즉시 이상 감지

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4. Usage Decision (QA11/QA12/QA13)

4.1 UD Creation & Codes

Transactions:

• QA11: Create Usage Decision
• QA12: Change
• QA13: Display

UD Codes (최종 판정):

• A: Accept (합격) — 재고로 입고 가능, 다음 공정/판매 진행
• R: Reject (불합격) — 재고 차단, 반품/폐기 예정
• B: Conditional (조건부) — 고객 승인 대기 또는 재작업
• S: Return to supplier (공급사 반송 — 수입검사 Type 01에서만)

UD Creation Flow:

QA11:
├─ Select Inspection Lot (QALS-LOSNR)
├─ System shows all MIC results (QASR 요약)
├─ Judge UD Code:
│  ├─ All MIC pass + No defects → "A" (Auto-recommend)
│  ├─ Any MIC fail OR Defects found → "R"
│  └─ Marginal case → "B" (with reason text)
├─ Optional: Partial acceptance (Accepted qty ≠ Lot qty)
└─ Save (QAVE 테이블)

Key Table: QAVE (Usage Decision record)

4.2 Post-UD Actions (Follow-up Processing)

Accept (A) → Stock Posting:

MIGO blocked GR → Auto-completed
↓
Inventory: Material received into active stock
↓
Next process (Production consume, Sales ship) can proceed

Reject (R) → Stock Management:

QALS → QAVE (UD=R)
↓
Blocked stock (QMSL, 품질보류 재고)
↓
Options:
├─ Scrap posting (MIGO Scrap)
├─ Return to supplier (Vendor credit memo)
└─ Rework (if internally caused failure)

Conditional (B) → Quality Hold:

QAVE (UD=B, reason= "고객확인대기")
↓
Stock in Quality Hold (QM block)
↓
Customer approval → Update UD to "A" → GR completes
   OR Denial → Change to "R" → Scrap

Quality Notification Trigger (자동):

If UD = R:
  → QM01 자동 생성 (Customizing 설정)
  → Defect history 기록
  → Supplier evaluation score 반영

4.3 Partial Lot Acceptance (부분 합격)

Scenario: 100개 로트 → 98개 OK, 2개 불량

QA11 Handling:

QA11:
├─ Select QALS (Qty=100)
├─ UD Code = "A" (Accept partial)
├─ Enter "Accepted qty" = 98
├─ Enter "Rejected qty" = 2
└─ Save
    ↓
MIGO posting: +98 to active stock, +2 to blocked stock
    ↓
결과: 총 100개 중 98개만 사용 가능 (GR 재무 기장도 98개 기준)

Key Field: QAVE-MNGEA (Accepted qty), QAVE-MNGEB (Rejected qty)

4.4 Automatic UD Processing (QA32)

Purpose: 검사 완료되었으나 UD 수동 미생성 로트 자동 판정

설정:

SPRO > QM > Quality Inspection > Inspection Lot > 
  Define Automatic Usage Decision
    ↓
Rule 설정:
├─ All samples passed AND no defects → Auto "A"
├─ Any sample failed OR Defects → Auto "R"
└─ Automatic update flag = X

QA32 실행:

QA32 Report:
├─ Selection: Lot status 04 (Results recorded, UD pending)
├─ Execute → Background job
└─ Result: UD records created for matching lots

생산 관점: 월마감 전 일괄 처리로 미결 검사로트 정리

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5. Quality Notification (QM01/QM02/QM03)

5.1 Notification Structure & Types

Transactions:

• QM01: Create Notification
• QM02: Change
• QM03: Display

Notification Types (QMEL-QMART):

• Q1: Customer Complaint (고객 클레임)
• Q2: Internal QM (내부 품질 문제, 불합격 로트 등)
• Q3: Vendor (공급사 품질 불량)
• L1: General Complaint (총괄)

Typical Triggers:

• QA11 UD=R → Auto-create Q2
• Customer call → Manual create Q1
• Source inspection fail → Manual create Q3

5.2 8D Methodology → SAP Fields

8D 단계별 SAP 매핑:

8D Step	SAP Field	T-code	설명
1. Team	QMEL-QMNUM + Task assignment	QM01 → QMMA	담당자 지정
2. Problem	QMTXT (Free text), Attachment (QMMA-FILES)	QM01	문제 상세 기술
3. Containment	Task (QMMA-ASNR) URGENT	QM01	즉시 대응 기한 설정
4. Root Cause	Defect code (QMFE-MFEHL) + free text	QM01 → QMFE	RCA 분석 결과 기록
5. Corrective Action	Task (APTY="Corrective")	QM01 → QMMA	CA 태스크 생성
6. Implementation	Task status (TSTA) tracking	QMMA → status change	진행 추적
7. Verification	Re-inspection results (QE01)	QA01/QE01 → QASR	재검사 증빙
8. Closure	QMEL-QMSTAT = "E" (Closed)	QM02	통보 종료

5.3 Defect & Root Cause Entry (QMFE table)

QM01 → Defects Tab:

QMFE Entry:
├─ Defect code (MFEHL): SAP-정의된 코드 lookup
│  예) CRACK, DISCOLORATION, CHEMICAL_BURN, DIMENSION_OOS
├─ Defect description (free text): 추가 설명
├─ Quantity affected (FEHLM): 몇 개 유닛 영향
├─ Cause code (UAQZ):
│  ├─ O: Original (근본원인)
│  └─ I: Immediate (직접 원인)
└─ Link to related defects (if multi-cause)

예시 (제약 변색 클레임):

Defect: DISCOLORATION
Qty affected: 50 units (전체 케이스 중)
Immediate cause: Storage temperature exceeded 30°C
Root cause: Warehouse A/C malfunction
Related defect: Shelf-life reduction (expiration moved from Y+3 to Y+1)

5.4 Corrective Action Task Creation

QM01 → Activities Tab:

QMMA (Activity/Task) Creation:
├─ Activity type (APTY):
│  ├─ "Corrective" — CA task
│  ├─ "Diagnostic" — RCA investigation
│  └─ "Preventive" — Future prevention
├─ Description: "Replace warehouse A/C unit"
├─ Responsible person (AQUA): Maintenance manager
├─ Due date (FDZZ): 7 days urgency
├─ Budget code (if applicable): Cost center assignment
└─ Status (TSTA): 01=Created, 02=In progress, 03=Completed

Task Monitoring (QMMA table):

• Progress tracking (% complete)
• Evidence upload (documents, photos)
• Verification meeting schedule

5.5 Integration with PM (Production Maintenance)

Cross-module Flow:

QM Notification (Quality issue detected)
  ├─ Defect code = "Equipment malfunction"
  ├─ Task type = "Maintenance required"
  └─ Create PM Notification (Type PM, QMEL-QMART)
      ↓
PM01 Maintenance notification created
      ↓
PM order (IW32) generated
      ↓
Maintenance execution, cost tracking
      ↓
Feedback: Equipment repaired → QM closes Q2

한국 현장: 생산 일정(PP) ↔ 설비 정비(PM) ↔ 품질 이슈(QM) 동시 조정 필요

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6. Quality Certificate (QC01/QC21)

6.1 Certificate Profile Configuration (QC01)

QC01 Transaction (Certificate profile 정의):

QC01:
├─ Certificate name/ID (예: "CoA_PHARMA_ENG_v2")
├─ Material assignment (특정 material에만 cert 발행)
├─ Certification rule:
│  ├─ Automatic: 모든 delivery마다 자동 생성
│  ├─ Manual: QC21에서 수동 생성
│  └─ On-demand: 고객 요청 시만
├─ Language variant (EN, DE, ZH, KO 등)
├─ Form/Template: SMARTFORM (ZQC_*) 또는 Adobe Forms
└─ Archive setting: E-signature required?

Key Fields:

• ZQCMO-VRSNO: Version tracking (변경 이력)
• ZQCMO-SPRACHE: Language code (EN, DE 등)
• ZQCMO-FMNAME: Form name (출력 양식)

6.2 Certificate of Analysis (CoA) Content & Generation

CoA 구성:

Header Section:
├─ Company: 법인명, 주소
├─ Material: 제품명, 규격 코드
├─ Lot/Batch: 로트번호, 유효기간
└─ MFG Date, Expiry Date

Test Results Table:
├─ Characteristic (MIC code)
├─ Specification (LSL-Target-USL)
├─ Test result (실제 측정값)
├─ Unit of measure
├─ Status (Pass/Fail ✓/✗)
└─ Test date, Lab ID

Footer:
├─ Authorized signature block
├─ QA Manager stamp
├─ Archive reference
└─ QM lot number (추적용)

Generation Methods:

1. Manual (QC21):

   QC21:
   ├─ Select QM Lot (QALS-LOSNR)
   ├─ System retrieves QASR results
   ├─ Generate PDF (SMARTFORM or Adobe)
   └─ Save to DMS or Email to customer
   

2. Automatic (Delivery):

   SD Delivery (Packing stage)
   ├─ Check certificate requirement (QC01 flag)
   ├─ Link to QM lot UD (if type 04 inspection)
   ├─ Auto-trigger QC21 if UD=A
   └─ Attach to output (NAST message)
   

Key Tables:

• ZQCMO: Certificate master
• ZQCDR: Certificate data records (실제 인증서 발급 기록)

6.3 Outbound Certificate at Delivery (배송 인증서)

Process Flow (SD → QC21):

Sales Order (SO) → Delivery (Picking/Packing)
    ↓
QM Lot (Type 04, GI Inspection) UD = "A" ?
    ↓ YES
Execute QC21 automatically (Customizing)
    ↓
Generate CoA PDF → Archive + Email to customer
    ↓
NAST (Message configuration) — Invoice와 함께 첨부
    ↓
Customer receives: Packing note + CoA + Invoice

NAST Configuration (Output 설정):

NAST T-code:
├─ Application: V3 (Sales & Shipping)
├─ Message type: RD (Delivery note) or INVOICE
├─ Form: ZQC_COA (Certificate form)
├─ Trigger: 10 = Post goods issue
├─ Medium: 1=Print, 2=Email, 5=Archive
└─ Output program: RLQC_QC21_OUTPUT (standard SAP report)

생산 관점: 납품 직전 자동화로 수동 CoA 생성 일 감소

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7. QM-MM Integration (구매/수입검사)

7.1 Quality Info Record (QI01/QI02/QI03)

Purpose: 공급사별, Material별 품질 관리 정책 정의

QI01 Create:

QI01:
├─ Supplier (LIFNR)
├─ Material (MATNR)
├─ Inspection plan (PLNNR reference) — source inspection plan
├─ Quantity exemption (QE): 이 수량 이상만 검사 필수
├─ Inspection control code (QZGTP):
│  ├─ 01: Inspection mandatory
│  ├─ 02: 100% inspection (까다로운 supplier)
│  └─ 03: No inspection (trusted source)
├─ Certificate requirement (INFE): CoA 필수?
└─ Quality weighting (GEWBP): 공급사 평가 가중치

Key Table: EINE (Info Record vendor-specific)

예시 (신규 공급사 vs 우수 공급사):

Scenario 1: New supplier X
├─ Inspection plan: Standard (Type 01, AQL 2.5%)
├─ Certificate required: Yes
├─ Qty exemption: 0 (모든 로트)
├─ Control code: 01 (Mandatory)

Scenario 2: Preferred supplier Y (IATF 16949 certified)
├─ Inspection plan: Reduced (AQL 6.5%)
├─ Certificate required: No
├─ Qty exemption: 1000 (1000개 이상만 검사)
├─ Control code: 03 (No inspection)

7.2 Vendor Evaluation (공급사 평가 — ME61)

Scoring Model (공급사 점수):

• Quality score: (Accepted lots / Total lots) × 100 [%]
• Delivery score: On-time delivery %
• Price performance: Quoted price vs actual cost variance

SAP Calculation:

Quality score = Sum(QAVE UD="A") / Count(QAVE) × 100

Example:
├─ Total QM lots: 20
├─ Accepted (UD=A): 19
├─ Rejected (UD=R): 1
└─ Quality score = 19/20 × 100 = 95%

Impact on Sourcing:

Quality score tracking (ME61):
├─ > 98% → Preferred supplier, Reduced inspection
├─ 95-98% → Standard supplier, Normal inspection
├─ < 95% → At-risk supplier, Tightened inspection or hold PO

Table: EIVR (Evaluation record — 역사 추적)

한국 현장: 대기업 협력사 평가 (삼성 S-rating, 현대 Quality score) 연동

7.3 Blocked Stock Management (차단 재고)

Stock Categories (after QM inspection):

• Inspection stock (QMSPL): 검사 진행 중 (reserved)
• Quality hold: Conditional UD (B) 대기 중
• Blocked stock: Reject UD (R) → 폐기/반품 예정

Transaction MRB (Return/Credit):

MRB (Goods return):
├─ Select Inspection Lot (QALS)
├─ Create Return PO
├─ Vendor credit memo (MIRO posting)
└─ Inventory: Reject qty → return to supplier

Goods Movement:

GR (Type 01 inspection):
├─ Initial: MIGO goods receipt 직후 → Inspection stock
├─ After UD=R: MIGO "Return" → Supplier return
├─ After UD=A: Automatic transfer to active stock

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8. QM-PP Integration (생산/공정검사)

8.1 In-Process Inspection (공정 중 검사)

Configuration (PP Production Order):

Production Order (Auftragsart):
├─ Operation (공정단계): 포장, 테스트, 최종검사
├─ QM hold point: "X" (검사 완료까지 다음공정 금지)
├─ Inspection plan (Type 03): 공정 검사 계획 연결
└─ Sample size: 로트 크기 기반 자동 계산

Flow:

Production order start
    ↓
Perform operation (manufacturing)
    ↓
QM Lot creation (Type 03) — automatic or manual
    ↓
Inspection: Sample → QE01 results recording
    ↓
UD creation (QA11) — All OK?
    ├─ Yes (A) → Release hold → Next operation proceeds
    └─ No (R) → Block → Rework or scrap decision

Impact: 공정 지연 risk (불합격 시 다음 공정 정지)

8.2 Goods Receipt from Production (생산입고 검사)

Scenario: In-process inspection 완료 후, 완제품을 내부 warehouse에 GR

Inspection Lot (Type 01 GR):

MIGO GR (Production order completion):
├─ Auto-create Inspection Lot (Type 01)
├─ Inspection Plan (Material, Plant)
├─ Sample size lookup (QDV1)
└─ Status: Inspection stock (차단 재고)
    ↓
    QE01 Results recording
    ↓
    QA11 UD creation
    ↓
    If UD=A: Goods transfer to active stock

Key Difference: In-process (Type 03) vs GR (Type 01) — 수량, 샘플 크기, 통지서 연동이 다름

8.3 Batch Determination with QM Results

Integration (Batch traceability):

Batch Master Data (CHVW):
├─ Batch characteristic (예: Tensile strength)
├─ Value assigned from QM lot result (QASR)
└─ Batch determination rule (BDCR) lookup

Example:

Customer order request: "High-strength material (Tensile > 500 MPa)"
    ↓
SAP batch determination:
├─ Query batch characteristics in CHVW
├─ Filter: Batches with Tensile > 500 MPa
├─ Link to QM lot (QALS) to verify test date freshness
└─ Auto-assign batch to sales order

생산 관점: 품질 등급화로 다양한 customer requirement 대응

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9. ECC vs S/4HANA — Quality Management Differences

기능	ECC 6.0 (SP최신)	S/4HANA 1909+	S/4HANA Cloud	주요 변경
QM Master T-codes	QA01-QA13, QE01, QC01	동일 (GUI)	Fiori-only	Web-based UX
Inspection Planning	QP01-QP03 (GUI)	QP01-QP03 + Fiori (F5370)	F5370 only	Mobile-first
Results Recording	QE01, QE05N (부분 Fiori)	QE51N (Mobile-optimized)	QE51N PWA	Mobile 우선순위
Automatic UD	QA32 batch job	QA32 + Fiori (F5434)	F5434 Fiori	User-driven UI
SPC/Analytics	Manual QCCP lookup	SAP Analytics Cloud link	Embedded BI	Predictive QM
Document Management	Attachment (QMMA file)	SAP Content Server, Embedded storage	Cloud storage	Digitization
Workflow	SAP Workflow (WF-BATCH)	Fiori workflow tiles	Cloud workflow	User-friendly
Certificate (CoA)	SMARTFORMS (ZQC_*)	Adobe Forms + SMARTFORMS	Adobe Forms Native	E-signature 지원
Supplier Portal	Not integrated	SCP (Cloud Platform) connector	Built-in supplier portal	Real-time visibility
ML/AI	Custom ABAP only	SAP Analytics Cloud ML	Embedded ML (anomaly)	Autonomous QM
Integration	RFC/IDOC (custom)	OData API + Analytics API	REST/GraphQL	Microservices
Real-time Reporting	BW cube (scheduled)	Embedded analytics (live)	Live dashboards (HANA)	HANA speed

Key S/4HANA Simplifications (단순화):

1. Simplified Inspection Lot: 결과 직접 UD 판정 (중간 단계 축소)
2. Embedded Quality Dashboard: BI 도구 불필요
3. Fiori-first UX: GUI transaction 단계적 폐지 (2026년 이후)
4. Real-time Compliance: 검사 완료 즉시 규제 보고 가능

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10. Korean Industry & Regulatory Context

10.1 ISO 9001:2015 + IATF 16949 (자동차 심사 기준)

ISO 9001 → SAP QM Mapping:

• Clause 8.6 (Quality evaluation): Inspection Plan (QP01-03), Sampling (QDV1) ✓
• Clause 8.2.3 (Conformance confirmation): UD judgment (QA11-13) ✓
• Clause 8.3 (Non-conforming product): Quality Notification (QM01) ✓

IATF 16949 (자동차 부품) — Auditor 체크리스트:

1. FMEA 추적: Defect code (QMFE) → FMEA ID 매핑 가능?
2. Control Plan 문서: QP01 output과 Control Plan 동일성?
3. Traceability: Lot/Batch → QM lot → Supplier/MFG date 추적 가능?
4. 메트릭 추적: Cpk (공정능력) 계산 가능?

Audit Evidence:

• QP01/QP03 print (검사계획 approved version)
• QMEL closure record (8D compliance)
• ME61 Quality trend (공급사 score 개선 추세)

10.2 한국 제약 GMP (의약품 품질관리기준)

식약처 기준 (GMP Annex 2 — Quality documentation):

1. Sampling Plan 기록:

   Requirement: 최소 3년 보존
   SAP: QP01-QP03 print → PDF archive (DMS 또는 파일시스템)
   Audit: "2023년 X 제품의 검사계획을 보여주세요"
   

2. CoA (Certificate of Analysis):

   Requirement: 모든 원료약 납입 시 CoA 첨부 필수
   SAP: QC01/QC21 자동 생성 + E-signature (Adobe Forms)
   Audit: CoA 발행 이력 + Signed version 보존
   

3. Batch Record (배치 기록):

   Requirement: 생산 전 과정 기록 + QC 결과 통합
   SAP: Production Order (PP) + QM results 연계
        - Z-table 커스터마이즈 또는 SAP Add-on (QMS in S/4)
   Audit: "2023년 Batch A-001의 전체 생산/검사 기록"
   

4. Stability Study:

   Requirement: Long-term stability (3년+) 모니터링
   SAP: QM Lot + Characteristic tracking (X-bar chart)
   Auditor: "Batch A-001의 12개월 마다 검사 결과 추이"
   

Configuration Checklist:

SPRO > SAP Customizing for Quality Management:
  ├─ Industry code: Pharmaceutical
  ├─ GMP compliance flag: X
  ├─ Signature capture: Adobe Forms + digital signing
  └─ Retention: 36 months (자동 archive)

10.3 한국 식품 HACCP (위해요소중점관리기준)

HACCP 12단계 → SAP 매핑:

HACCP 단계	SAP QM	필드
CCP 식별	Inspection Plan (QP01)	CCP 플래그
관리 한계 설정	MIC Specification (QPSP)	LSL/Target/USL
CCP 모니터링	In-process inspection (QE01)	Temperature, pH, microbial
Sampling	QDV1 sampling procedure	Daily/Hourly frequency
시정 조치	Quality Notification (QM01)	Corrective action task
기록 보존	QALS/QASR archiving	2년+ retention
검증	UD judgment (QA11)	Pass/Fail 최종 판정

Configuration:

Material Master (MM02):
├─ CCP flag = "X"
├─ Inspection plan (Type 03): Daily frequency
├─ Automatic alert: Out-of-spec → QM01 Q2 auto-create

SPRO > QM > Define Automatic Notification:
└─ Trigger: QASR (Temperature > 30°C) → Create QM01

10.4 수입검사 (관세청 UNI-PASS 연동)

Regulatory Background (한국):

• 통관 전 품질 증빙 요구 확대 (특히 식품, 화학, 의약품)
• UNI-PASS (통합관세시스템) ↔ SAP QM 연동 필요

SAP Integration Point:

Purchase Order (구매 발주):
├─ Customs declaration (USDOC field, PO header)
├─ Import supplier flag: "I"
└─ Inspection requirement: "Import Inspection"
    ↓
MIGO GR (goods receipt):
├─ Auto-create Inspection Lot (Type 01, Import)
├─ Inspection plan: Source inspection (Type 01 + Supplier)
└─ Block GR posting (차단)
    ↓
QE01 Results recording + UD (QA11):
├─ UD = "A" → Certificate generated (QC21)
├─ Send CoA to customs broker
└─ MIGO posting release → GR completes

Blocking Logic (SPRO customizing):

MIGO-GR Validation:
IF Material.Origin = "Import" AND Supplier.Country != "KR"
THEN Create Inspection Lot (Type 01)
    AND Block MIGO until UD = "A"
    AND Generate CoA (QC21)
    AND Notify customs broker (email extract)

생산 관점: 통관 지연 risk → 재고 운영 계획에 여유(Buffer) 필수

10.5 대기업 협력사 공급망 (삼성/현대)

삼성전자 Quality Requirements:

• Q-rating (3개월 rolling avg) > 98% 필수
• MES ↔ SAP QM 실시간 동기화 요청
• Supplier Portal access (QM data 공개)

현대자동차 Quality Requirements:

• IATF 16949 certification (필수, 미보유 공급사 차단)
• IQMS (In-house QMS) 준수
• Monthly quality review meeting (QM KPI export)

SAP Configuration:

ME61 Vendor Evaluation (자동 계산):
├─ Quality score = (Accepted lots / Total lots) × 100
├─ 3개월 rolling average
└─ Threshold alert: Score < 95%
    → Auto message to procurement manager
    → Recommendation: Reduce PO qty or pause orders

Export for supplier meeting:
├─ SAP Report (ALV format): ZQC_VENDOR_SCORECARD
├─ Data: Last 90 days QM lots, UD distribution, top defects
└─ Distribution: Email to supplier QA manager

한국 특수성: 대기업 공급망 평가 시스템(S-rating, Q-rating)이 SAP와 직결됨

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11. Standard Response Format (문제해결 프로세스)

Issue Description

사용자 문제 명확화:

• "검사로트가 생성되지 않음"
• "UD 합격 후에도 GR이 차단되어 있음"
• "CoA가 고객에게 안 보내짐"

Root Cause Analysis (RCA)

Step 1: Data Check (테이블 조회):

• Material master (MM02): QM level 확인 (IQMC field)
• Quality Info Record (QI03): 공급사별 설정 확인 (QZGTP)
• Inspection Plan (QP03): 유효 범위 확인 (GDATU from/to)

Step 2: Configuration Check (SPRO navigat):

SPRO > SAP Customizing for Quality Management:
├─ Automatic Lot Creation Rules
├─ Stock Posting Logic (UD Code A/R/B mapping)
└─ Notification Triggers

Step 3: System Activity Check:

• Background job (SM37): QA25 execution log
• Error log (SM21): System message 확인
• Table data (QALS, QAVE): Expected 데이터 존재 여부

Verification (재현 확인)

• Test material로 end-to-end 시뮬레이션
• Expected behavior vs actual behavior 비교
• Transaction trace (SE39 debug mode)

Fix (시정)

1. Customizing 변경 (Transport request 필요):

   • SPRO에서 설정 변경
   • Transport object 할당
   • Test system 적용 → UAT → Production

2. Master data 수정:

   • MM02 (Material), QI01 (Info Record), QP01 (Inspection Plan)
   • 변경 기록 (SNOW ticket 또는 Change management)

3. ABAP 개발 (필요 시):

   • Z-report, BADi implementation, Enhancement
   • Code review, Unit test, Integration test

Prevention (재발 방지)

1. Documentation:

   • Configuration guide 작성 (SNOW wiki)
   • Process diagram (Inspection lot flow)
   • Master data 준비 checklist

2. Training:

   • 관련자 교육 (Inspection planning, Results recording, UD judgment)
   • Job aid, Screen 캡처

3. Monitoring & Alert:

   • BW query 또는 Fiori tile에서 자동 추적
   • Daily batch job 결과 모니터링
   • Anomaly alert (예: 일일 불합격률 > threshold)

SAP Note Reference

SAP Support Portal (search by keyword):

• 예) "Inspection lot creation fails type 01" → Note 2345678 (applicable SAP version check)
• Apply via SNOTE T-code (transport 자동 생성)

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12. References & Deep Dive

Official Documentation

• SAP Help Portal: help.sap.com/docs → QM module
• Quality Management Configuration (ECC): SAP 공식 PDF 가이드
• SAP S/4HANA Quality Management: Best Practices doc (SAP Download Center)

Key Database Tables

Inspection Lot & Results:

• QALS: Inspection Lot Header (LOSNR 로트번호, MATNR 자재)
• QALSD: Lot Defects
• QASE: Sample Header
• QASR: Inspection Result (QMNUM 검사번호)
• QASV: Sample value (characteristic 별 수치)
• QAVE: Usage Decision (최종 판정 A/R/B/S)

Planning & Master:

• PLKO: Inspection Plan Header
• PLPO: Plan Operations
• QPMK: Master Inspection Characteristics
• QPSP: MIC Specification (LSL/USL)
• QDV1: Sampling procedures
• EINA/EINE: Purchasing Info Record (QI01)

Notification & Tracking:

• QMEL: Quality Notification header (통보)
• QMFE: Defect/Cause definition
• QMMA: Activity/Task (시정 조치)
• EIVR: Vendor Evaluation record

Certificate:

• ZQCMO: Certificate master (custom)
• ZQCDR: Certificate data records

Transaction Quick Reference

T-code	Purpose	입력	산출
QP01	Create Inspection Plan	Material, Plant, Type	PLKO (Plan)
QA01	Create Inspection Lot	Material, Qty, Supplier	QALS (Lot)
QE01	Record Results	QALS, Characteristic, Value	QASR, QASV
QE51N	Mobile results (Fiori)	Barcode/Material	QASR
QA11	Create Usage Decision	QALS, Judgment (A/R/B/S)	QAVE (UD)
QA32	Automatic UD Processing	Batch mode	Auto UD records
QM01	Create QM Notification	Defect, Cause, Supplier	QMEL (Notif)
QC01	Define Certificate Profile	Form, Material	Certificate template
QC21	Generate Certificate (CoA)	QALS or Delivery	PDF/Archive
ME61	Vendor Evaluation	Supplier, Date range	Quality score trend
QI01	Quality Info Record	Supplier, Material	EINE (QI record)
QDV1	Sampling Procedure	AQL, Lot size	Sample size table

Further Learning Resources

• SAP QM Workshop: IQMS-SAP 통합 심화 코스
• IATF 16949 Alignment: 자동차 공급망 특화 교육
• Fiori QM Apps Training: QE51N 모바일 검사 hands-on
• GMP Compliance in SAP: 제약 산업 GMP 맞춤 교육

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12.1 Common Pitfalls & Solutions

❌ 검사로트 자동 생성 안 됨

확인 순서:

1. Material Master (MM02) → IQMC (QM Control Level) 필드 확인 (빈 값이면 검사 미트리거)
2. Quality Info Record (QI03) → QZGTP (QM control type) 확인
3. Background job QA25 실행 여부 (SM37 check, daily/hourly?)
4. Note: GR 직후 약간의 지연 후 QA25 실행 → QALS 생성 (동기X)

❌ 검사 완료 후에도 GR blocked

원인 후보:

• UD 미생성 → QA11에서 명시적 생성 필수
• UD code "R" (Reject) → Stock blocked
• UD code "B" (Conditional) → Quality hold 해제 필요

해결:

QA11 → Select QALS → Set UD code "A" (Accept)
    ↓
Save → MIGO GR posting 자동 완료

❌ Vendor 평가 점수 안 올라감

확인:

• ME61 거의 실시간 업데이트되지만 계산 기준 재확인
• EIVR (Evaluation record) 직접 조회: T-code SQVI → SELECT * FROM EIVR
• SPRO > MM > Purchasing > Vendor Evaluation 가중치 재확인

❌ 인증서(CoA) 생성 안 됨

원인:

• QC01 profile 미설정
• Material-Certificate 링크 미생성
• SMARTFORM 또는 Adobe Form 프로그래밍 에러

해결:

QC21 → Manual run → Check SM37 job log
    ↓
If error: SM39 (Form Routines debug) 또는 Adobe Form 재컴파일
    ↓
If success: Check DMS/Archive 저장 경로

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Document Version: 1.0.0
Last Updated: 2026-04-12
Compatibility: SAP ECC 6.0 SP최신 | S/4HANA 1909+ | S/4HANA Cloud
Target Audience: SAP QM Functional Consultants, Quality Managers, Production Planners, Auditors
Language: English + 한국어 (Industry context)