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name: token-approval-safety description: Guide to ERC-20 token approvals — how they work, why unlimited approvals are risky, how to check and revoke approvals, and best practices. Use when helping users manage approvals, audit wallet security, or understand approval-related risks. metadata: {"openclaw":{"emoji":"✅"}}

Token Approval Safety Guide

Token approvals are one of the most overlooked security risks in DeFi. This guide helps AI agents protect users from approval-related attacks.

How Approvals Work

When you interact with a DeFi protocol, you must first "approve" it to spend your tokens:

1. You call approve(spenderAddress, amount) on the token contract
2. The spender (DEX, protocol) can now transfer up to `amount` of your tokens
3. When you swap/deposit, the protocol calls transferFrom() to move your tokens

The Problem: Unlimited Approvals

Most DeFi UIs request unlimited approval (type(uint256).max):

• Saves gas on future interactions (no re-approval needed)
• But: the protocol can spend ALL your tokens FOREVER
• If the protocol gets hacked, attackers drain your tokens via the approval

Risk Levels

Approval Type	Risk	When to Use
Exact amount	Low	Large deposits, untrusted protocols
Limited amount	Medium	Regular use with trusted protocols
Unlimited	High	Only with battle-tested protocols (Uniswap, Aave)
Permit (EIP-2612)	Medium	Gasless approvals, common in modern DeFi

How to Check Approvals

On-Chain (Direct)

Query the token contract: allowance(ownerAddress, spenderAddress)

Tools

Tool	URL	Features
Revoke.cash	https://revoke.cash	Most popular, multi-chain
Etherscan Token Approvals	https://etherscan.io/tokenapprovalchecker	Ethereum-only
Arbiscan	https://arbiscan.io/tokenapprovalchecker	Arbitrum

What to Look For

• Unlimited approvals to contracts you no longer use
• Approvals to unknown contracts you don't recognize
• Old approvals from months/years ago
• Approvals for valuable tokens (USDC, USDT, WETH)

Revoking Approvals

Revoking sets the allowance to 0:

approve(spenderAddress, 0)

Cost: Small gas fee per revocation

When to revoke:

• After you're done using a protocol
• If a protocol announces a security incident
• During regular security checkups (monthly recommended)
• Before a token migration or contract upgrade

Common Attack Vectors

1. Approval Phishing

Attacker tricks you into approving a malicious contract:

• Fake DEX frontends
• Phishing links disguised as protocol UIs
• "Claim airdrop" scam sites

Prevention: Always verify the contract address before approving

2. Compromised Protocol

If a protocol with your approval gets hacked:

• Attacker can drain your approved tokens immediately
• They don't need your private key — just the approval

Prevention: Use exact-amount approvals, revoke unused approvals

3. Permit Signature Phishing

EIP-2612 permits are signed off-chain (no gas). Attackers can trick you into signing a permit that grants them unlimited approval:

• Looks like a harmless "sign this message" request
• Actually authorizes token spending
• No on-chain transaction to alert you

Prevention: Read what you're signing carefully, use wallets that show permit details

Best Practices

For Regular Users

1. Use exact-amount approvals when possible
2. Review approvals monthly using Revoke.cash
3. Revoke approvals to protocols you no longer use
4. Use a dedicated DeFi wallet — don't hold all tokens where you approve
5. Read approval prompts — check the spender address matches the expected protocol

For Frequent DeFi Users

1. Separate hot/cold wallets — cold wallet for storage, hot wallet for DeFi
2. Batch revocations when gas is low
3. Prefer EIP-2612 permits for modern protocols (single-use)
4. Set up alerts for large approval events on your address
5. Audit before depositing large amounts — check existing approvals first

Approval Hygiene Checklist

• Check all active approvals at least monthly
• Revoke any approvals to contracts you don't recognize
• Revoke approvals to protocols you've stopped using
• Use exact amounts for new approvals when available
• Verify contract addresses on block explorers before approving

Agent Tips

When helping users with approvals:

1. Always warn about unlimited approvals — suggest exact-amount when possible
2. Before any large DeFi interaction — suggest checking existing approvals
3. After security incidents — immediately recommend revoking approvals to affected protocol
4. New users — explain approvals before their first DeFi transaction
5. Gas consideration — revocations cost gas, batch them when gas is low

Links

• Revoke.cash: https://revoke.cash
• Etherscan Approval Checker: https://etherscan.io/tokenapprovalchecker
• Sperax (secure DeFi on Arbitrum): https://app.sperax.io