---

name: ifcos-impl-mep description: > Use when modeling MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) systems in IFC -- HVAC, piping, electrical circuits, distribution elements, ports, and connections. Prevents the common mistake of not creating ports for flow connections between elements. Covers IfcSystem, IfcDistributionElement, flow segments, fittings, and MEP property sets. Keywords: MEP, HVAC, piping, electrical, IfcSystem, IfcDistributionElement, port, connection, flow segment, fitting, mechanical, plumbing, duct, ventilation, connect pipes. license: MIT compatibility: "Designed for Claude Code. Requires IfcOpenShell Python library." metadata: author: OpenAEC-Foundation version: "1.0"

MEP System Implementation Guide

Quick Reference

Critical Warnings

• ALWAYS create ports on distribution elements BEFORE attempting to connect them. Elements without ports cannot participate in flow networks.
• ALWAYS create at least two ports per segment element (one inlet, one outlet). Segments are flow-through elements.
• NEVER connect two ports with the same flow direction. A SOURCE port MUST connect to a SINK port.
• NEVER use IfcDistributionSystem in IFC2X3 models. Use ifc_class="IfcSystem" for IFC2X3 compatibility.
• ALWAYS use ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_system", ...) to create systems. NEVER use model.create_entity("IfcDistributionSystem") directly — it skips required relationship setup.
• ALWAYS assign elements to a system AFTER creating port connections. The system is a logical grouping; ports define the physical topology.
• NEVER assume system.remove_system deletes contained elements. It ONLY removes the system grouping; elements and their ports remain in the model.
• ALWAYS use ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", ...) for MEP elements, not model.create_entity(). The API sets GlobalId, ownership, and validates predefined types.
• ALWAYS pass products as a list to system.assign_system (v0.8+ convention).

Decision Tree: MEP Workflow

Creating an MEP system?
├── Step 1: What IFC schema version?
│   ├── IFC2X3 → Use ifc_class="IfcSystem" for add_system
│   └── IFC4 / IFC4X3 → Use ifc_class="IfcDistributionSystem" (default)
│
├── Step 2: Create the system
│   └── system.add_system → system.edit_system (set Name + PredefinedType)
│
├── Step 3: Create distribution elements
│   ├── Duct/Pipe/Cable? → IfcDuctSegment, IfcPipeSegment, IfcCableSegment
│   ├── Elbow/Tee/Junction? → IfcDuctFitting, IfcPipeFitting, IfcCableFitting
│   ├── Air terminal/Fixture? → IfcAirTerminal, IfcSanitaryTerminal
│   ├── Valve/Damper/Switch? → IfcValve, IfcDamper, IfcSwitchingDevice
│   ├── Pump/Fan? → IfcPump, IfcFan
│   ├── Boiler/Chiller? → IfcBoiler, IfcChiller
│   └── Tank/Vessel? → IfcTank
│
├── Step 4: Create ports on each element
│   └── system.add_port (per connection point)
│
├── Step 5: Connect ports between elements
│   └── system.connect_port (port1, port2, direction)
│
├── Step 6: Assign elements to system
│   └── system.assign_system (products=[...], system=system)
│
├── Step 7: Assign flow controls (optional)
│   └── system.assign_flow_control (damper→duct, valve→pipe)
│
└── Step 8: Add properties and placement
    ├── pset.add_pset / pset.edit_pset (MEP property sets)
    └── geometry (placement, representation)

Decision Tree: Which Distribution Element Class

What type of MEP element?
├── Carries flow (segments)?
│   ├── Air/gas → IfcDuctSegment
│   ├── Liquid → IfcPipeSegment
│   ├── Electrical → IfcCableSegment
│   └── Cable carrier → IfcCableCarrierSegment
│
├── Changes direction/splits (fittings)?
│   ├── Air/gas → IfcDuctFitting
│   ├── Liquid → IfcPipeFitting
│   ├── Electrical → IfcCableFitting
│   └── Cable carrier → IfcCableCarrierFitting
│
├── End point (terminals)?
│   ├── Air supply/return → IfcAirTerminal
│   ├── Plumbing fixture → IfcSanitaryTerminal
│   ├── Electrical outlet → IfcOutlet
│   ├── Light fixture → IfcLightFixture
│   ├── Fire sprinkler → IfcFireSuppressionTerminal
│   └── Communication jack → IfcCommunicationsAppliance
│
├── Controls flow (controllers)?
│   ├── Airflow → IfcDamper
│   ├── Liquid flow → IfcValve
│   ├── Electrical → IfcSwitchingDevice / IfcProtectiveDevice
│   └── Flow meter → IfcFlowMeter
│
├── Moves medium (movers)?
│   ├── Air → IfcFan
│   ├── Liquid → IfcPump
│   └── Gas → IfcCompressor
│
├── Converts energy?
│   ├── Heating → IfcBoiler
│   ├── Cooling → IfcChiller
│   ├── Heat exchange → IfcHeatExchanger
│   ├── Cooling tower → IfcCoolingTower
│   ├── Air handling → IfcAirToAirHeatRecovery / IfcUnitaryEquipment
│   └── Electrical → IfcTransformer / IfcElectricGenerator
│
├── Stores medium?
│   ├── Liquid → IfcTank
│   └── Electrical → IfcElectricFlowStorageDevice
│
├── Treats medium?
│   ├── Air filter → IfcFilter
│   └── Grease/oil trap → IfcInterceptor
│
└── Senses/monitors (control elements)?
    ├── Temperature → IfcSensor (TEMPERATURESENSOR)
    ├── Pressure → IfcSensor (PRESSURESENSOR)
    ├── Flow rate → IfcSensor (FLOWSENSOR)
    ├── Smoke → IfcSensor (SMOKESENSOR)
    └── Actuator → IfcActuator

---

Essential Patterns

Pattern 1: Complete HVAC System (IFC4)

# IFC4 / IFC4X3
import ifcopenshell
import ifcopenshell.api

model = ifcopenshell.api.run("project.create_file", version="IFC4")

# Bootstrap (project, units, contexts, spatial hierarchy)
project = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcProject", name="MEP Project")
ifcopenshell.api.run("unit.assign_unit", model)
model3d = ifcopenshell.api.run("context.add_context", model, context_type="Model")
body = ifcopenshell.api.run("context.add_context", model,
    context_type="Model", context_identifier="Body",
    target_view="MODEL_VIEW", parent=model3d)
site = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcSite", name="Site")
building = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcBuilding", name="Building A")
storey = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcBuildingStorey", name="Level 1")
ifcopenshell.api.run("aggregate.assign_object", model,
    products=[site], relating_object=project)
ifcopenshell.api.run("aggregate.assign_object", model,
    products=[building], relating_object=site)
ifcopenshell.api.run("aggregate.assign_object", model,
    products=[storey], relating_object=building)

# Step 1: Create distribution system
hvac = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_system", model,
    ifc_class="IfcDistributionSystem")
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.edit_system", model,
    system=hvac,
    attributes={"Name": "Supply Air System", "PredefinedType": "VENTILATION"})

# Step 2: Create elements
ahu = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcUnitaryEquipment", name="AHU-01")
duct1 = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcDuctSegment", name="SD-01")
duct2 = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcDuctSegment", name="SD-02")
terminal = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcAirTerminal", name="AT-01")

# Step 3: Place in spatial structure
ifcopenshell.api.run("spatial.assign_container", model,
    products=[ahu, duct1, duct2, terminal], relating_structure=storey)

# Step 4: Create ports (inlet + outlet per segment)
ahu_out = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=ahu)
d1_in = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=duct1)
d1_out = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=duct1)
d2_in = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=duct2)
d2_out = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=duct2)
term_in = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=terminal)

# Step 5: Connect ports (AHU → Duct1 → Duct2 → Terminal)
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.connect_port", model,
    port1=ahu_out, port2=d1_in, direction="SOURCE")
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.connect_port", model,
    port1=d1_out, port2=d2_in, direction="SOURCE")
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.connect_port", model,
    port1=d2_out, port2=term_in, direction="SOURCE")

# Step 6: Assign all elements to the system
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.assign_system", model,
    products=[ahu, duct1, duct2, terminal], system=hvac)

Pattern 2: Piping Network with Fittings

# IFC4 / IFC4X3: requires completed bootstrap
# Create plumbing system
plumbing = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_system", model,
    ifc_class="IfcDistributionSystem")
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.edit_system", model,
    system=plumbing,
    attributes={"Name": "Hot Water Supply", "PredefinedType": "DOMESTICHOTWATER"})

# Create pipe elements
pipe1 = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcPipeSegment", name="HWS-P01")
elbow = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcPipeFitting", name="HWS-E01")
pipe2 = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcPipeSegment", name="HWS-P02")
valve = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcValve", name="HWS-V01")

# Ports: pipes need 2, fittings need 2+, terminals need 1
p1_in = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=pipe1)
p1_out = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=pipe1)
elb_in = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=elbow)
elb_out = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=elbow)
p2_in = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=pipe2)
p2_out = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=pipe2)

# Connect: Pipe1 → Elbow → Pipe2
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.connect_port", model,
    port1=p1_out, port2=elb_in, direction="SOURCE")
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.connect_port", model,
    port1=elb_out, port2=p2_in, direction="SOURCE")

# Assign flow control (valve controls pipe)
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.assign_flow_control", model,
    relating_flow_element=pipe1, related_flow_control=valve)

# Assign to system
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.assign_system", model,
    products=[pipe1, elbow, pipe2, valve], system=plumbing)

Pattern 3: Tee Fitting (3 Ports)

# IFC4 / IFC4X3
tee = ifcopenshell.api.run("root.create_entity", model,
    ifc_class="IfcPipeFitting", name="HWS-T01")

# Tee fittings have 3 ports: inlet, outlet-main, outlet-branch
tee_in = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=tee)
tee_out1 = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=tee)
tee_out2 = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_port", model, element=tee)

# Connect: upstream pipe → tee inlet
# tee outlet1 → downstream main
# tee outlet2 → downstream branch
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.connect_port", model,
    port1=upstream_pipe_out, port2=tee_in, direction="SOURCE")
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.connect_port", model,
    port1=tee_out1, port2=main_pipe_in, direction="SOURCE")
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.connect_port", model,
    port1=tee_out2, port2=branch_pipe_in, direction="SOURCE")

Pattern 4: IFC2X3 System (Backward Compatible)

# IFC2X3: use IfcSystem instead of IfcDistributionSystem
model = ifcopenshell.api.run("project.create_file", version="IFC2X3")
# ... bootstrap ...

system = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_system", model,
    ifc_class="IfcSystem")  # REQUIRED for IFC2X3
ifcopenshell.api.run("system.edit_system", model,
    system=system,
    attributes={"Name": "Heating System"})
# NOTE: PredefinedType is NOT available on IfcSystem in IFC2X3.
# Use ObjectType attribute for classification instead.
ifcopenshell.api.run("attribute.edit_attributes", model,
    product=system,
    attributes={"ObjectType": "HEATING"})

---

Distribution System Types (IFC4 / IFC4X3)

Set via PredefinedType attribute on IfcDistributionSystem:

PredefinedType	Domain	Description
VENTILATION	HVAC	Supply/return/exhaust air systems
HEATING	HVAC	Hot water heating, radiator circuits
COOLING	HVAC	Chilled water, refrigerant loops
AIRCONDITIONING	HVAC	Combined heating/cooling air systems
EXHAUST	HVAC	Kitchen/fume exhaust systems
DOMESTICHOTWATER	Plumbing	Hot water supply
DOMESTICCOLDWATER	Plumbing	Cold water supply
DRAINAGE	Plumbing	Gravity drainage, waste water
WASTEWATER	Plumbing	Waste water systems
STORMWATER	Plumbing	Rainwater drainage
SEWAGE	Plumbing	Sewer connections
RAINWATER	Plumbing	Rainwater collection
ELECTRICAL	Electrical	Power distribution
LIGHTING	Electrical	Lighting circuits
POWERGENERATION	Electrical	On-site power generation
LIGHTNINGPROTECTION	Electrical	Lightning protection systems
EARTHING	Electrical	Grounding/earthing
FIREPROTECTION	Fire	Sprinklers, fire suppression
SECURITY	Security	Access control, CCTV
COMMUNICATION	Comms	Data/telephone networks
DATA	Comms	Data networks
TV	Comms	Television distribution
SIGNAL	Controls	Signal/control systems
CONTROL	Controls	Building automation
GAS	Fuel	Natural gas distribution
FUEL	Fuel	Fuel supply systems
COMPRESSEDAIR	Pneumatic	Compressed air distribution
VACUUM	Pneumatic	Vacuum systems
REFRIGERATION	HVAC	Refrigeration systems
CHILLEDWATER	HVAC	Chilled water distribution
CONDENSERWATER	HVAC	Condenser water loops
CHEMICAL	Process	Chemical distribution
DISPOSAL	Waste	Waste disposal systems
HAZARDOUS	Safety	Hazardous material systems
CONVEYING	Transport	Material conveying
USERDEFINED	Custom	Set ObjectType attribute
NOTDEFINED	Default	Unspecified

---

Port Flow Directions

Direction	Meaning	When to Use
SOURCE	Flow exits through this port	Outlet ports, downstream direction
SINK	Flow enters through this port	Inlet ports, upstream direction
SOURCEANDSINK	Bidirectional flow	Reversible systems, heat exchangers
NOTDEFINED	Direction not specified	When flow direction is unknown

Rule: When connecting two ports, direction on connect_port describes the relationship from port1's perspective. If port1 is a SOURCE, flow goes from port1 to port2.

---

System Traversal (ifcopenshell.util.system)

# IFC4 / IFC4X3
import ifcopenshell.util.system

# Get all elements in a system
elements = ifcopenshell.util.system.get_system_elements(hvac)

# Get all systems an element belongs to
systems = ifcopenshell.util.system.get_element_systems(duct1)

# Get ports on an element (optionally filter by direction)
all_ports = ifcopenshell.util.system.get_ports(duct1)
outlets = ifcopenshell.util.system.get_ports(duct1, flow_direction="SOURCE")
inlets = ifcopenshell.util.system.get_ports(duct1, flow_direction="SINK")

# Traverse connections: downstream / upstream
downstream = ifcopenshell.util.system.get_connected_to(duct1)
upstream = ifcopenshell.util.system.get_connected_from(duct1)

# Get element that owns a port
owner = ifcopenshell.util.system.get_port_element(d1_out)

# Get port connected to a given port
partner = ifcopenshell.util.system.get_connected_port(d1_out)

---

MEP Property Sets

Standard Property Sets for Distribution Elements

# IFC4 / IFC4X3: Add MEP-specific properties
# Duct segment properties
pset = ifcopenshell.api.run("pset.add_pset", model,
    product=duct1, name="Pset_DuctSegmentTypeCommon")
ifcopenshell.api.run("pset.edit_pset", model, pset=pset, properties={
    "NominalDiameter": 0.315,      # meters
    "InnerDiameter": 0.313,
    "OuterDiameter": 0.315,
    "Length": 3.0,
})

# Pipe segment properties
pset_pipe = ifcopenshell.api.run("pset.add_pset", model,
    product=pipe1, name="Pset_PipeSegmentTypeCommon")
ifcopenshell.api.run("pset.edit_pset", model, pset=pset_pipe, properties={
    "NominalDiameter": 0.025,
    "InnerDiameter": 0.021,
    "OuterDiameter": 0.025,
    "WorkingPressure": 600000.0,    # Pascals
    "FlowRateRange": "0.1 - 0.5",  # m3/s
})

# Quantity set for a duct
qto = ifcopenshell.api.run("pset.add_qto", model,
    product=duct1, name="Qto_DuctSegmentBaseQuantities")
ifcopenshell.api.run("pset.edit_qto", model, qto=qto, properties={
    "Length": 3.0,
    "GrossCrossSectionArea": 0.078,
    "OuterSurfaceArea": 2.97,
})

Common MEP Pset Names

Element Type	Property Set	Key Properties
Duct segments	Pset_DuctSegmentTypeCommon	NominalDiameter, Length
Pipe segments	Pset_PipeSegmentTypeCommon	NominalDiameter, WorkingPressure
Air terminals	Pset_AirTerminalTypeCommon	AirFlowRateRange, NominalAirFlowRate
Valves	Pset_ValveTypeCommon	ValvePattern, WorkingPressure
Pumps	Pset_PumpTypeCommon	FlowRateRange, NominalRotationSpeed
Fans	Pset_FanTypeCommon	NominalAirFlowRate, NominalTotalPressure
Boilers	Pset_BoilerTypeCommon	NominalEnergyConsumption, WaterTemperatureRange

---

Version Differences

Feature	IFC2X3	IFC4	IFC4X3
System class	IfcSystem	IfcDistributionSystem	IfcDistributionSystem
PredefinedType on system	Not available	Full enum (37 values)	Full enum + additions
Building system	Not available	IfcBuildingSystem	IfcBuildingSystem
Port nesting	IfcRelNests	IfcRelNests	IfcRelNests
Port connection	IfcRelConnectsPorts	IfcRelConnectsPorts	IfcRelConnectsPorts
Flow direction enum	Same	Same	Same

Version-Safe Pattern

# Detect schema and choose correct system class
schema = model.schema
if schema == "IFC2X3":
    system = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_system", model,
        ifc_class="IfcSystem")
else:
    system = ifcopenshell.api.run("system.add_system", model,
        ifc_class="IfcDistributionSystem")

---

Dependency

This skill depends on:

• ifcos-syntax-api for api.run() invocation patterns, module table, and parameter conventions
• ifcos-syntax-fileio for file creation, writing, and transaction management

---

Reference Links

• API Method Signatures -- Complete signatures for all 12 system API functions
• Working Code Examples -- End-to-end MEP system examples
• Anti-Patterns -- Common MEP modeling mistakes and how to avoid them

Official Sources

• https://docs.ifcopenshell.org/autoapi/ifcopenshell/api/system/
• https://standards.buildingsmart.org/IFC/RELEASE/IFC4/ADD2_TC1/HTML/schema/ifcsharedbldgserviceelements/
• https://standards.buildingsmart.org/IFC/RELEASE/IFC4/ADD2_TC1/HTML/schema/ifchvacdomain/