---

name: kubernetes-networkpolicy description: Implements networking.k8s.io/v1 NetworkPolicy resources with ingress and egress rules, pod selector targeting, and network segmentation for microservice isolation. license: MIT compatibility: opencode metadata: version: "1.0.0" domain: cncf triggers: pod isolation, ingress egress rules, network segmentation, pod selector, networking.k8s.io, networkpolicy, firewall archetypes: - tactical - enforcement anti_triggers: - http routing - tls termination - ingress class - path-based routing response_profile: verbosity: low directive_strength: high abstraction_level: operational role: implementation scope: implementation output-format: code content-types: [code, guidance, config, do-dont] related-skills: cncf/kubernetes-ingress, cncf/cilium, cncf/open-policy-agent-opa

Kubernetes NetworkPolicy Manager

Implements networking.k8s.io/v1 NetworkPolicy resources to enforce network segmentation through pod-level ingress and egress rules, pod selector targeting, and default-deny policies for microservice isolation. When loaded, the model generates production-grade NetworkPolicy manifests with precise selector matching, protocol/port restrictions, and namespace-scoped traffic rules.

TL;DR Checklist

• Apply a default-deny ingress policy in every namespace before allowing specific traffic
• Use podSelector with matchLabels to target specific pods or label groups
• Define both ingress and egress rules for zero-trust network segmentation
• Specify both protocol (TCP/UDP) and port in each rule — never rely on defaults
• Use ipBlock with CIDR notation for inter-namespace or external IP rules
• Verify CNI plugin supports NetworkPolicy — calico, cilium, and Romana support it

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When to Use

Use this skill when:

• Implementing network-level isolation between microservices in a shared cluster
• Enforcing zero-trust networking where every service must explicitly declare allowed traffic
• Segregating namespaces (production, staging, development) from cross-traffic
• Restricting database access to only the application pods that need it
• Preventing lateral movement in a security-hardened environment

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When NOT to Use

Avoid this skill for:

• High-level HTTP routing and load balancing — use kubernetes-ingress instead
• Service-to-service discovery and load balancing — use Kubernetes Services (ClusterIP)
• Container runtime-level network setup — that is handled by the CNI plugin configuration
• When the CNI plugin does not support NetworkPolicy (e.g., canal without calico, simple flannel)

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Core Workflow

1. Verify CNI NetworkPolicy Support — Confirm the cluster's CNI plugin (calico, cilium, Romana) supports NetworkPolicy enforcement. Checkpoint: Run kubectl get pods -n kube-system | grep -E 'calico|cilium|kube-router' and verify the CNI is active.

2. Define Default-Deny Policy — Create a networkpolicy with empty podSelector: {} and no ingress or egress rules to block all traffic in the namespace. Checkpoint: After applying default-deny, verify essential traffic (kubelet, DNS) is still working.

3. Create Allow-List Policies — Define NetworkPolicy rules that grant specific ingress or egress access using pod selectors, namespace selectors, and IP blocks. Checkpoint: Every allow rule must be explicit — the policy is cumulative, not a whitelist replacement.

4. Configure Egress Rules — Add egress rules to control outbound traffic from pods, including DNS (port 53 UDP/TCP), database access, and external API calls. Checkpoint: Always allow DNS egress (port 53 to kube-system namespace) — without it, pod DNS resolution fails.

5. Apply and Test — Apply policies with kubectl apply -f networkpolicy.yaml and verify connectivity using kubectl exec from a test pod. Checkpoint: Test both allowed and denied paths to confirm the policy is working as intended.

6. Document Traffic Matrix — Maintain a reference of which pods can communicate with which, for auditing and troubleshooting. Checkpoint: Review the traffic matrix monthly as services are added or modified.

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Implementation Patterns

Pattern 1: Default-Deny and Allow-List Policies

A complete namespace-level network segmentation pattern: default-deny followed by explicit allow rules.

# Step 1: Default-deny all ingress traffic in this namespace
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: default-deny-ingress
  namespace: production
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
    - Ingress
---
# Step 2: Default-deny all egress traffic in this namespace
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: default-deny-egress
  namespace: production
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
    - Egress
---
# Step 3: Allow database access only from the API pods
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-api-to-postgres
  namespace: production
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: postgres
  policyTypes:
    - Ingress
  ingress:
    - from:
        - podSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app: api-gateway
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 5432
---
# Step 4: Allow DNS egress for all pods in the namespace
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-dns-egress
  namespace: production
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
    - Egress
  egress:
    - to:
        - namespaceSelector:
            matchLabels:
              kubernetes.io/metadata.name: kube-system
      ports:
        - protocol: UDP
          port: 53
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 53

Pattern 2: Pod and Namespace Selector Targeting (BAD vs GOOD)

Incorrect selector matching is the #1 NetworkPolicy mistake — rules silently fail when selectors do not match.

# ❌ BAD: Empty podSelector with egress rule — applies to NO pods
# This policy matches all pods (empty selector) but only specifies egress,
# so it blocks all outbound traffic. Without a corresponding allow rule,
# the pods become completely unreachable.
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: broken-policy
  namespace: production
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
    - Egress
  egress:
    - to:
        - podSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app: database

# ❌ BAD: Forgetting to specify both protocol AND port
# The port field is required — omitting it matches all ports, which defeats
# the purpose of granular network segmentation.
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: incomplete-policy
  namespace: production
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: web
  policyTypes:
    - Ingress
  ingress:
    - from:
        - podSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app: api
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP  # ← Missing port number!
---
# ✅ GOOD: Precise selectors with explicit protocol and port
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-web-ingress
  namespace: production
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: web-frontend
  policyTypes:
    - Ingress
  ingress:
    - from:
        - podSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app: api-gateway
        - namespaceSelector:
            matchLabels:
              purpose: monitoring
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 8080
---
# ✅ GOOD: Inter-namespace traffic with IP block for external access
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-external-api
  namespace: production
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: api-gateway
  policyTypes:
    - Ingress
  ingress:
    - from:
        - ipBlock:
            cidr: 10.0.0.0/8
            except:
              - 10.255.0.0/16
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 443

Pattern 3: Cross-Namespace Policy with Namespace Selector

def validate_network_policy(policy: dict) -> list[str]:
    """Validate a NetworkPolicy manifest for common configuration errors.

    Checks for missing required fields, invalid selectors, and unsafe rules.

    Args:
        policy: A parsed NetworkPolicy manifest dict.

    Returns:
        List of validation error messages. Empty list means the policy is valid.
    """
    errors: list[str] = []
    api_version = policy.get("apiVersion", "")
    kind = policy.get("kind", "")
    spec = policy.get("spec", {})

    if api_version != "networking.k8s.io/v1":
        errors.append(f"API version must be 'networking.k8s.io/v1', got '{api_version}'")
    if kind != "NetworkPolicy":
        errors.append(f"Kind must be 'NetworkPolicy', got '{kind}'")

    policy_types = spec.get("policyTypes", [])
    if not policy_types:
        errors.append("policyTypes is required — specify Ingress and/or Egress")

    # Check that at least one direction is allowed if policyTypes specifies it
    for ptype in policy_types:
        if ptype == "Ingress":
            ingress = spec.get("ingress")
            if ingress is None and "default-deny" not in spec.get("podSelector", {}).get("matchLabels", {}):
                errors.append("Ingress policyType defined but no ingress rules — ensure this is intentional (default-deny)")
        if ptype == "Egress":
            egress = spec.get("egress")
            if egress is None:
                errors.append("Egress policyType defined but no egress rules — this blocks all outbound traffic")

    # Validate port specifications
    rules = spec.get("ingress", []) + spec.get("egress", [])
    for rule in rules:
        for port_spec in rule.get("ports", []):
            if "port" not in port_spec:
                errors.append("Each port entry must have a 'port' field with a number")
            protocol = port_spec.get("protocol", "TCP")
            if protocol not in ("TCP", "UDP", "SCTP"):
                errors.append(f"Invalid protocol '{protocol}' — must be TCP, UDP, or SCTP")

    return errors

---

Constraints

MUST DO

• Always create a default-deny ingress policy before adding allow-list policies in any new namespace
• Include both protocol and port in every ingress/egress rule — never omit either field
• Always allow DNS egress (UDP port 53 and TCP port 53 to kube-system namespace) — pods cannot resolve services without it
• Use podSelector.matchLabels to precisely target pods — never use podSelector: {} with allow rules (it matches all pods)
• Use namespaceSelector for cross-namespace rules and ipBlock.cidr for external IP rules
• Set policyTypes explicitly to [Ingress], [Egress], or [Ingress, Egress] — omitting it creates a partial policy
• Verify CNI plugin supports NetworkPolicy before deploying — calico and cilium are the most widely supported
• Test deny and allow paths with kubectl exec after applying each new policy

MUST NOT DO

• Never apply a default-deny policy without also creating the necessary allow rules — pods become unreachable
• Never omit DNS egress rules — all pods will fail to resolve service DNS names
• Never use ipBlock without an except list — it opens broad CIDR ranges that defeat network segmentation
• Never assume a NetworkPolicy is enforced — if the CNI does not support it, the policy is silently ignored
• Never use podSelector: {} with policyTypes: [Ingress, Egress] without corresponding allow rules — it isolates every pod
• Never rely on the kubernetes.io namespace for cross-namespace selectors — use kubernetes.io/metadata.name instead

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Output Template

When implementing Kubernetes NetworkPolicy resources, produce the following:

1. Default-Deny Policies — Ingress and egress default-deny NetworkPolicy for the target namespace.
2. Allow Rules — Specific NetworkPolicy resources with pod selectors, namespace selectors, and port rules for each allowed communication path.
3. DNS Egress Policy — A dedicated policy allowing DNS resolution for all pods.
4. Traffic Matrix — A table documenting which pods can send traffic to which pods, with protocol/port pairs.

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Related Skills

Skill	Purpose
kubernetes-ingress	Define external HTTP/HTTPS routing rules that operate above the NetworkPolicy layer
cncf/cilium	Use Cilium CNI for advanced network policies with L7 (HTTP/gRPC) enforcement
cncf/open-policy-agent-opa	Apply OPA/Gatekeeper policies for admission-time network configuration validation
kubernetes-services-management	Create the Services that NetworkPolicies reference in their pod selectors

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Live References

Authoritative documentation links for this skill's domain. The model follows markdown links at load time to resolve external references and inline content.

• Kubernetes NetworkPolicies Documentation — Official guide to NetworkPolicy concepts and behavior
• NetworkPolicy API Reference — networking.k8s.io/v1 — Complete API schema for NetworkPolicy resources
• Calico NetworkPolicy — Calico CNI-specific NetworkPolicy behavior and extended features
• Cilium Network Policies — Cilium's advanced L3/L4/L7 network policy enforcement
• Default-Deny Patterns — Default-deny pattern with practical examples
• Egress Traffic Control — Egress rule configuration for outbound traffic control
• Cross-Namespace NetworkPolicy — Using namespaceSelector for inter-namespace rules