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setup-prometheus-monitoringConfigure Prometheus for time-series metrics collection, including scrape configurations, service discovery, recording rules, and federation patterns for multi-cluster deployments. Use when setting up centralized metrics collection for microservices, implementing time-series monitoring for application and infrastructure, establishing a foundation for SLO/SL…
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配置生產就緒之 Prometheus 部署,含採集目標、記錄規則與聯邦。
以全域設定與採集間隔建立基底 Prometheus 配置。
# Create Prometheus directory structure
mkdir -p /etc/prometheus/{rules,file_sd}
mkdir -p /var/lib/prometheus
# Download Prometheus (adjust version as needed)
cd /tmp
wget https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/releases/download/v2.48.0/prometheus-2.48.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar xvf prometheus-2.48.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz
sudo cp prometheus-2.48.0.linux-amd64/{prometheus,promtool} /usr/local/bin/
建立 /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml:
global:
scrape_interval: 15s
scrape_timeout: 10s
evaluation_interval: 15s
external_labels:
cluster: 'production'
region: 'us-east-1'
# Alertmanager configuration
alerting:
alertmanagers:
- static_configs:
- targets:
- localhost:9093
# Load recording and alerting rules
rule_files:
- "rules/*.yml"
# Scrape configurations
scrape_configs:
# Prometheus self-monitoring
- job_name: 'prometheus'
static_configs:
- targets: ['localhost:9090']
labels:
env: 'production'
# Node exporter for host metrics
- job_name: 'node'
static_configs:
- targets:
- 'node1:9100'
- 'node2:9100'
labels:
env: 'production'
# Application metrics with file-based service discovery
- job_name: 'app-services'
file_sd_configs:
- files:
- '/etc/prometheus/file_sd/services.json'
refresh_interval: 30s
relabel_configs:
- source_labels: [__address__]
target_label: instance
- source_labels: [env]
target_label: environment
預期: Prometheus 成功啟動、Web UI 於 http://localhost:9090 可存取、目標於 Status > Targets 列出。
失敗時:
promtool check config /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml 檢查語法sudo chown -R prometheus:prometheus /etc/prometheus /var/lib/prometheusjournalctl -u prometheus -f設置動態目標發現以避免手動目標管理。
對 Kubernetes 環境,加至 scrape_configs:
- job_name: 'kubernetes-pods'
kubernetes_sd_configs:
- role: pod
relabel_configs:
# Only scrape pods with prometheus.io/scrape annotation
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_scrape]
action: keep
regex: true
# Use custom port if specified
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_port]
action: replace
target_label: __address__
regex: ([^:]+)(?::\d+)?;(\d+)
replacement: $1:$2
# Add namespace as label
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]
target_label: kubernetes_namespace
# Add pod name as label
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_name]
target_label: kubernetes_pod_name
對基於文件之服務發現,建立 /etc/prometheus/file_sd/services.json:
[
{
"targets": ["web-app-1:8080", "web-app-2:8080"],
"labels": {
"job": "web-app",
"env": "production",
"team": "platform"
}
},
{
"targets": ["api-service-1:9090", "api-service-2:9090"],
"labels": {
"job": "api-service",
"env": "production",
"team": "backend"
}
}
]
對 Consul 服務發現:
- job_name: 'consul-services'
consul_sd_configs:
- server: 'consul.example.com:8500'
services: [] # Empty list means discover all services
relabel_configs:
- source_labels: [__meta_consul_service]
target_label: job
- source_labels: [__meta_consul_tags]
regex: '.*,monitoring,.*'
action: keep
預期: 動態目標出現於 Prometheus UI,於服務擴展或變化時自動更新。
失敗時:
kubectl auth can-i list pods --as=system:serviceaccount:monitoring:prometheus 驗證 RBAC 權限python -m json.tool /etc/prometheus/file_sd/services.json 驗證 JSON 語法curl http://consul.example.com:8500/v1/catalog/services 測試連線預聚合昂貴查詢以提升儀表板效能與警報效率。
建立 /etc/prometheus/rules/recording_rules.yml:
groups:
- name: api_aggregations
interval: 30s
rules:
# Calculate request rate per endpoint (5m window)
- record: job:http_requests:rate5m
expr: |
sum by (job, endpoint, method) (
rate(http_requests_total[5m])
)
# Calculate error rate percentage
- record: job:http_errors:rate5m
expr: |
sum by (job) (
rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m])
) / sum by (job) (
rate(http_requests_total[5m])
) * 100
# P95 latency by endpoint
- record: job:http_request_duration_seconds:p95
expr: |
histogram_quantile(0.95,
sum by (job, endpoint, le) (
rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])
)
)
- name: resource_aggregations
interval: 1m
rules:
# CPU usage by instance
- record: instance:cpu_usage:ratio
expr: |
1 - avg by (instance) (
rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode="idle"}[5m])
)
# Memory usage percentage
- record: instance:memory_usage:ratio
expr: |
1 - (
node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes
)
# Disk usage by mount point
- record: instance:disk_usage:ratio
expr: |
1 - (
node_filesystem_avail_bytes{fstype!~"tmpfs|fuse.*"}
/ node_filesystem_size_bytes{fstype!~"tmpfs|fuse.*"}
)
驗證並重新載入:
# Validate rules syntax
promtool check rules /etc/prometheus/rules/recording_rules.yml
# Reload Prometheus configuration (without restart)
curl -X POST http://localhost:9090/-/reload
# Or send SIGHUP signal
sudo killall -HUP prometheus
預期: 記錄規則成功評估、含 job: 前綴之新指標於 Prometheus 中可見、儀表板查詢效能改善。
失敗時:
promtool check rules 檢查規則語法curl http://localhost:9090/api/v1/targetsjournalctl -u prometheus | grep -i error為保留要求與查詢效能優化儲存。
編輯 /etc/systemd/system/prometheus.service:
[Unit]
Description=Prometheus Monitoring System
Documentation=https://prometheus.io/docs/introduction/overview/
After=network-online.target
[Service]
Type=simple
User=prometheus
Group=prometheus
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/prometheus \
--config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml \
--storage.tsdb.path=/var/lib/prometheus \
--storage.tsdb.retention.time=30d \
--storage.tsdb.retention.size=50GB \
--web.console.templates=/etc/prometheus/consoles \
--web.console.libraries=/etc/prometheus/console_libraries \
--web.listen-address=:9090 \
--web.enable-lifecycle \
--web.enable-admin-api
Restart=always
RestartSec=10s
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
關鍵儲存旗標:
--storage.tsdb.retention.time=30d:保留 30 日資料--storage.tsdb.retention.size=50GB:限儲存至 50GB(先觸者為準)--storage.tsdb.wal-compression:啟用 WAL 壓縮(降低磁碟 I/O)--web.enable-lifecycle:允許經 HTTP POST 重新載入配置--web.enable-admin-api:啟用快照與刪除 API啟用並啟動:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable prometheus
sudo systemctl start prometheus
sudo systemctl status prometheus
預期: Prometheus 依政策保留指標、磁碟用量於限制內、舊資料自動修剪。
失敗時:
du -sh /var/lib/prometheuscurl http://localhost:9090/api/v1/status/tsdbcurl http://localhost:9090/api/v1/status/runtimeinfo | jq .data.storageRetentioncurl -X POST http://localhost:9090/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series?match[]={__name__=~".+"}配置階層 Prometheus 以跨集群聚合指標。
於邊緣 Prometheus 實例(每集群中),確保外部標籤已設:
global:
external_labels:
cluster: 'production-east'
datacenter: 'us-east-1'
於中央 Prometheus 實例,加入聯邦採集配置:
scrape_configs:
- job_name: 'federate-production'
honor_labels: true
metrics_path: '/federate'
params:
'match[]':
# Aggregate only pre-computed recording rules
- '{__name__=~"job:.*"}'
# Include alert states
- '{__name__=~"ALERTS.*"}'
# Include critical infrastructure metrics
- 'up{job=~".*"}'
static_configs:
- targets:
- 'prometheus-east.example.com:9090'
- 'prometheus-west.example.com:9090'
labels:
env: 'production'
relabel_configs:
- source_labels: [__address__]
target_label: instance
- source_labels: [__address__]
regex: 'prometheus-(.*).example.com.*'
target_label: cluster
replacement: '$1'
聯邦最佳實務:
honor_labels: true 保留原始標籤match[] 過濾指標(避免聯邦所有)預期: 中央 Prometheus 顯示自所有集群之聯邦指標、查詢可跨多區域、最小資料重複。
失敗時:
curl http://prometheus-east.example.com:9090/federate?match[]={__name__=~"job:.*"} | head -20curl http://localhost:9090/api/v1/label/__name__/values | jq .data | grep "job:"部署冗餘 Prometheus 實例附相同配置以作故障轉移。
用 Thanos 或 Cortex 作真 HA,或簡單之負載均衡設置:
# prometheus-1.yml and prometheus-2.yml (identical configs)
global:
scrape_interval: 15s
external_labels:
prometheus: 'prometheus-1' # Different per instance
replica: 'A'
# Use --web.external-url flag for each instance
# prometheus-1: --web.external-url=http://prometheus-1.example.com:9090
# prometheus-2: --web.external-url=http://prometheus-2.example.com:9090
配置 Grafana 以查詢兩實例:
{
"name": "Prometheus-HA",
"type": "prometheus",
"url": "http://prometheus-lb.example.com",
"jsonData": {
"httpMethod": "POST",
"timeInterval": "15s"
}
}
用 HAProxy 或 nginx 作負載均衡:
upstream prometheus_backend {
server prometheus-1.example.com:9090 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
server prometheus-2.example.com:9090 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
}
server {
listen 9090;
location / {
proxy_pass http://prometheus_backend;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
}
}
預期: 查詢請求跨實例均衡、若一實例下線自動故障轉移、單實例失敗時無資料遺失。
失敗時:
--storage.tsdb.max-block-duration 並監控堆用量。--web.enable-lifecycle,配置重新載入需完整重啟引發採集缺口。configure-alerting-rules - 依 Prometheus 指標定義警報規則並路由至 Alertmanagerbuild-grafana-dashboards - 以 Grafana 儀表板與面板視覺化 Prometheus 指標define-slo-sli-sla - 用 Prometheus 記錄規則與錯誤預算追蹤建立 SLO/SLI 目標instrument-distributed-tracing - 以分散式追蹤補足指標以更深之可觀察性