---

name: llama-cpp description: >- Operate, configure, benchmark, and troubleshoot llama.cpp across CPU, Metal, CUDA, HIP/ROCm, Vulkan, SYCL, and hybrid or multi-GPU systems. Use when installing or building llama.cpp, selecting or inspecting GGUF models, running llama-cli or bounded llama-completion, serving an OpenAI-compatible API with llama-server, tuning memory and performance, or diagnosing backend, context, template, and API failures. Do not use for model training or fine-tuning, general inference-framework selection, llama-cpp-python or other bindings, LlamaIndex, Ollama, or LM Studio operation. license: MIT compatibility: Requires a supported llama.cpp binary or a build environment. Model use requires a compatible GGUF file and sufficient disk and memory; accelerator paths require the matching driver and SDK. metadata: source: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp source_index: references/source-index.md research_checked: "2026-07-25" batch_checked: "2026-10-12"

llama.cpp Operations

Treat every launch recipe as a hypothesis about a specific build, model, host, and workload. Discover capabilities from the installed binary, inspect the model and startup logs, then measure the requested boundary.

Operating contract

1. Record the exact llama.cpp version or commit, installation method, OS and architecture, CPU and RAM, accelerator and memory, driver/toolkit, available devices, model provenance and quantization, intended context, concurrency, and workload.
2. Read the installed command's --help before using a flag from documentation. llama.cpp flags, defaults, binary names, and REST behavior change frequently.
3. Confirm the target, scope, and rollback path before acting. Read-only discovery may proceed without confirmation.
4. Verify the backend from --list-devices and model-load logs. A successful build or an accepted GPU flag does not prove acceleration is active.
5. Start with a bounded CLI smoke test on loopback or local input. Establish a measured baseline before changing threads, batches, context, cache types, offload, or split mode.
6. Call work complete only at the requested boundary: binary, model load, generated output, API response, benchmark comparison, or diagnosed failure with evidence.

When not to use

Use ml-engineering for model training, fine-tuning, broad quantization methodology, evaluation design, or choosing among llama.cpp, vLLM, TGI, and other engines. Use the relevant product skill for Ollama, LM Studio, or LlamaIndex. Use binding-specific documentation for llama-cpp-python, node-llama-cpp, or other language wrappers.

Read-only preflight

Run only commands that exist in the installed build:

llama-cli --version
llama-cli --help
llama-cli --list-devices
llama-server --version
llama-server --help
llama-bench --help

Also inspect host memory and accelerator state with native OS/vendor tools. Record results in the operation record. If no binary exists, choose an installation path only after reading installation and backends.

Route the task

Need	Read first
Install, build, choose CPU/Metal/CUDA/HIP/Vulkan/SYCL, Docker, or prove backend use	installation and backends
Acquire, convert, inspect, license-check, quantize, or fit a GGUF model	models, GGUF, and memory
Run llama-cli, expose llama-server, call compatible APIs, use templates, structured output, embeddings, reranking, or tools	inference and serving
Tune threads, batches, context, cache, offload, concurrency, or multi-GPU and compare results	performance and benchmarking
Diagnose load, backend, OOM, speed, context, template, output, or API failures	troubleshooting
Check the evidence, research date, upstream revision, or refresh rule behind a claim	source index

Batch inference versus interactive chat

Use llama-completion for unattended raw completions on builds that separate that frontend from interactive llama-cli. The installed CLI may advertise a shared flag in help and still reject it at runtime; presence of --no-conversation alone is not proof of batch support. Never fall back to an interactive frontend when the completion target is missing. Read bounded batch inference before using scripts/llama_batch.py. Its plan command performs bounded read-only capability checks; run writes a new private output directory and consumes GPU resources. The helper currently supports POSIX CUDA0 with full model offload; other backends use separately verified workflows.

Bound process wall time and combined stdout/stderr bytes, pass EOF stdin, retain failed logs, and stop only the process group you launched. A token budget alone does not bound an interactive prompt loop. Do not accumulate runtime output in an unbounded capture_output=True buffer. Never hide a GPU fallback or call a prepared plan an executed inference pass.

Safe workflow

1. Select and verify the installation

Prefer a supported package or release binary when its compiled backend matches the target. Build from a pinned revision when backend options, portability, or reproducibility require it. Use Docker when host isolation is useful and device passthrough is understood. After installation, capture version, help, device listing, and a model-load log before claiming success.

2. Select and inspect the model

Accept a user-specified local GGUF path or Hugging Face repository. Before downloading, record the repository, revision, file, size, model card, license, base-model lineage, and quantizer when available. Inspect GGUF metadata and model-load output for architecture, quantization, context, tokenizer, chat template, and sidecars. Plan capacity from actual file size plus KV cache, context, batch/concurrency, compute buffers, and backend overhead; parameter count alone is insufficient.

Do not call one quantization universally best. Start from workload quality and capacity constraints, avoid requantizing an already quantized model when a higher-precision source is available, and compare candidate quants with the same task-quality and performance workload.

3. Prove local inference

Use a short, fixed prompt and bounded token count. Record the exact command, seed or sampling settings, startup log, output, timings, and whether the expected backend loaded. If the model has a chat template, test the template path required by the intended workload rather than treating plain completion as chat proof.

4. Prove serving

Bind to 127.0.0.1 for the first launch. Wait for /health to report ready, query /v1/models, then make a representative request using a reported model identifier. A listening process or HTTP 200 from a shallow endpoint is not inference proof. External exposure requires an explicit decision about bind address, API keys, TLS or reverse proxy, firewall, CORS, rate limits, logging, and whether experimental built-in tools are disabled.

5. Tune one dimension at a time

Preserve a baseline before changing context size, generation and batch threads, logical or physical batch size, GPU layers, KV cache type/offload, Flash Attention, parallel slots, or multi-GPU split. Use llama-bench for prompt-processing and token-generation comparisons, and an end-to-end client or server benchmark for TTFT and request latency. Record each comparison in the benchmark template.

Hard boundaries

• Do not infer accelerator use from the command line alone; require device and load-log evidence.
• Do not expose an unauthenticated server beyond loopback by accident. Authentication is not a substitute for network and TLS controls.
• Do not print or tee unredacted unit definitions, process environments, environment-file contents, API keys, or other credential-bearing configuration. Prefer redacted metadata; never retain secrets merely as evidence. If exact rollback requires a secret-bearing backup, keep it temporarily outside the repository with mode 0600, minimum retention, and explicit cleanup. Do not publish raw or low-entropy secret hashes.
• Do not enable llama-server built-in filesystem or shell tools in an untrusted environment.
• Do not override a chat template until model metadata, the original model card, and rendered behavior have been inspected.
• For finish_reason: "length" with populated reasoning_content and empty content, inspect the access-controlled raw response but report only sanitized field state, lengths, finish_reason, and usage. From the same baseline, run separate one-variable probes: a bounded output-budget increase and, when the exact template supports it, chat_template_kwargs.enable_thinking: false. In streaming, inspect the documented schema for choices[].delta.reasoning_content, choices[].delta.content, and terminal choices[].finish_reason; record each as absent, null, empty, or populated rather than assuming presence. Treat reasoning_effort: "none" and server-side reasoning flags as version-sensitive, source-verified alternatives, not portable defaults.
• Do not compare benchmark numbers from different models, quants, commits, backends, contexts, batches, thermal states, or workloads as if only one variable changed.
• Do not treat llama-bench tokens per second as TTFT; its measurements exclude tokenization and sampling.
• Do not claim a larger configured context preserves quality unless the model and scaling behavior support it and the workload was evaluated.

Exit criteria

The task is complete when the requested boundary is evidenced: the expected binary and backend are observed; the selected model's provenance and fit are recorded; a bounded prompt returns usable output; a server reaches readiness and completes a representative API request; a tuning change beats or preserves the declared metrics under matched conditions; or a failure is reduced to a supported cause with a safe next action. List any stronger boundary that was not tested.